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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In what direction is DNA SYNTHESIZED? In what direction is DNA READ to produce mRNA? Therefore, in what direction is mRNA MADE? And what direction is mRNA READ to make amino acids? |
Well, DNA polymerase reads the strand in the 3' to 5' direction. DNa must be synthesized on a double stranded piece adding on to the 3' OH on ribose/deoxyribose sugar. 1) DNA Synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction 2) DNA template is read in the 3' to 5' direction (when producing mRNA) to produce mRNA in the 5' to 3' direction. 4) And, mRNA is read in the 5' to 3' direction |
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Where does energy that cells use come from? |
Energy stored in chemical bonds. Energy sources are food!
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What is the formula for glucose? |
C6H12O6 |
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What is the equation for the oxidation of glucose? |
C6H12O6 + 6O2 => 6CO2 + 6H2O |
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Sucrose, AKA "table sugar" is made up of what 2 kinds of sugars? |
glucose + fructose |
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What are the 4 potential pathways for a glucose molecule? |
1) To Co2 and H2O + energy 2) Lactate + a little energy (if oxygen is low; i.e., in muscles) 3) Stored as glycogen (in muscle or liver) 4) To fat pathway |
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What is the name of the process/reaction that involves transfer of electrons from one molecule to another? |
Redox |
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What name is given to the part of the redox reaction in which electrons are REMOVED? What term describes the ADDITION of electrons? |
1) Removed = oxidation 2) gained electrons = reduction |
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The addition of electron(s) is often accompanied by what? What is this type of reaction called? |
addition of H+. This process is called hydrogenation; so, hydrogenation reactions are a type of reduction reactions. |
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True or False: Some reactions are instantaneous, but not spontaneous. |
FALSE: it's the other way around: Some reactions are SPONTANEOUS, but NOT instantaneous. These are the kinds of reactions that require activation energy. Ex: glucose is quite stable in air, but it can burn to release energy. |
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What is the equation for change in free energy? |
DeltaG = G(final) - G(start) |
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How can you determine if a reaction is energetically favorable/will occur spontaneously? |
Energetically favorable reactions have a negative DeltaG. |
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How is cellular energy transferred in cells? |
Through molecules like ATP or electron carriers like NADP+ and NAD+ |
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Why ATP? |
1) Its structure supports energy storage 2) it's stable (can diffuse through cell) 3) Biochemical currency of cells. |
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in biological systems, what is the significance of the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another? |
It's a mechanism of energy storage and transfer |
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What is the difference between NADPH and NADH? |
NADPH donates electrons to biosynthetic reactions=used in anabolism reactions, such as lipid, cholesterol synthethis, fatty acid chain elongation and nucleic acid synthesis. |
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NADPH can _________ a substrate as it is oxidized to __________________. |
reduce, NADP+ |
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During Glycolysis: 1) What comes in? 2) What is produced? 3) What are the key steps? |
1) 2 mol of ATP + 1 mol glucose = convert glucose to an unstable, high E form. 2) Stage 2: unstable fructose-1,6-biphosphate cleaved into two 3-carbon units 3) Stage 3: Harvesting stage: 4 mols of ATP + 2 mols NADH are gained from each initial mol of glucose via substrate-level phosphorylation. From oxidation, pyruvate is produced. |
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What is substrate level phosphorylation to produce ATP? |
It's when ATP is produced by direct transfer of a phosphate from a high energy intermediate compound. This process occurs twice in glycolysis. |
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What is the role/purpose of fermentation? |
Its purpose is to regenerate NAD+ used in glycolysis |
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In the fermentation process, 1) What comes in? 2) What is the product? |
1) Pyruvate molecule from glycolysis comes in 3) lactate intermediate --> 2) NAD+ regenerated (to be used in glycolysis) |
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Regarding the Citric acid cycle, 1) What comes in? 2) What is produced? |
LOOK THIS UP |
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What are the 3 components of ATP production in mitochondria? |
1) Electrons at high energy levels 2) electron transport system produces H+ gradient 3) an ATP synthesizing enzyme (energy from H+ gradient) |
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Do signaling molecules a) bind to intracellular receptors? or b) bind to plasma membrane receptors? |
LOOK THIS UP |
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What are the 3 classes of plasma membrane receptors (for signaling molecules)? |
1) Receptor is an ion channel 2) Receptor is linked to a G-protein 3) Receptor is enzyme linked |
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What are the simplified steps of the TCA/Citric Acid/Krebs cycle? |
1) each glucose molecule is broken down --> 2 pyruvate molecules during glycolysis 2) Each pyruvate converted to acetyl-CoA--> THIS IS WHAT ENTERS the Krebs cycle 3) Krebs cycle completes 2 circuits to completely break down the 2 pyruvates --> total, 2 ATP, NADH and FADH2 |
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The TCA Cycle (AKA The Citric Acid Cycle AKA the Krebs Cycle) involves what? |
1) Pyruvate from glycolysis 2) NAD+ made from pyruvate converted to NADH to form Acetyl-CoA 3) Acetyl-CoA ENTERS the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria. CO2 + NADH is produced 4) 6-carbon CoA molecule formed and released 5) CO2 released from 6-carbon CoA molecule; NADH formed from NAD+ 6) A second oxidation+decarboxylation occurs. Again, NADH and CO2 are produced PLUS a molecule of ATP 7) Finally, the 4-Carbon molecule is further oxidized to form NADH and FADH2, regenerating the 4-carbon molecule that initially reacts with Acetyl-CoA |
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The pyruvate (end product from glycolysis) can have 2 fates. What are those 2 pathways and what conditions determine which pathway pyruvate goes to? |
1) Fermentation= under anaerobic conditions (regenerates NAD+) 2) Krebs/TCA/Citric Acid Cycle = happens under AEROBIC conditions. |
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True/False: oxygen is consumed in 1) glycolysis, 2) Citric Acid Cycle, 3) Conversion of glycogen to glucose. |
FALSE. NONE OF THESE consume Oxygen |
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What are the 3 components of ATP production in mitochondria? |
1) Electrons at high E levels 2) electron transport system produces H+ gradient 3) an ATP synthesizing enzyme (energy from H+ gradient) |
