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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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who was the first person to coin the word "cell" in micrographia and when was it published?
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Robert Hooke was the first person to coin this term and did so in 1665
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The first to describe protozoa and what we know as bacteria today
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Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek
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made the first compound microscope (multiple lenses) 30x magnification
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Robert hook in 1665
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Who was responsible for discovering that every plant cell contains a nucleus and what year was this
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Robert Brown in 1825
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Who was responsible for discovering that all plants have cells and what year was this?
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Mathias Scleiden in 1838
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In what year did ... discover that all animal tissues have cells?
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1839 theodor schwann
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Who came up with the two first parts of the cell theory?
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theodor schwann
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What are the first two parts of the cell theory
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that all organisms consists of one or more cells and that the cell is the basic unit of structure for all organisms
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In 1855 this person came up with the 3rd component of the cell theory. Who was the person and what did this 3rd component consist of?
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Rudolf Virchow and it stated that all cells arise from pre-existing cells
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What is cytology?
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it is the field of study that involves making observations on cells. they look at cell structure through observation
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these 4 individuals started putting together the concept that cells are a part of all living things in the early 1800
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Schleiden, Brown, Virchow, and Schwann
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when was the electron microscope invented?
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it was invented in 1932
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how did the electron microscope improve the pre-existing microscopes
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waves of electrons which had much more resolution
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What is the study of biochemistry
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it is the study explaining cell functions
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What is urea
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a component produced by living systems
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this person was responsible for Urea in the lab
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Friedrich Wohler
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this person not only was responsible for discovering Urea in the lab but he also discovered the role of enzymes(proteins) in chemical reactions of the cell
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Friedrich Wohler
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What was mendel responsible for discovering. This is a very broad field
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Genetics
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in 1944 these three people demonstrated that the genetic material was DNA not protein
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McCleod, Avery, and McCarty
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who founded the double helix
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Watson and Crick
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These two devices resolved the issue of the power of the human eye
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Light microscope and electron microscope
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What is the overall size of a cell
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10-6 micrometers
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These types of hormones are almost all found in eukaryotic cells
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Steroids
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What are the characteristics of terpenes?
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Lipid, vitamin A, Electron Q carrier, carotenoids
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These type of lipids make some plant cell membranes and nerve cell membranes
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Glycolipids
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What are sources of carbon for autotrophs?
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Carbon Dioxide
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What are the sources of carbon for heterotrophs?
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Organic Molecules
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What does activation energy allow to happen
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production of more product in shorter amount of time
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True or False- All enzymes are proteins
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false
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What is the active site?
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it is the key site for substrate binding to products
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True or false: after a reaction is done enzymes can be re-used
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True
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Give an example of absolute specificity
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Succinate is the only substrate that will work for the enzyme dehydrogenase
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These types of hormones are almost all found in eukaryotic cells
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Steroids
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What are the characteristics of terpenes?
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Lipid, vitamin A, Electron Q carrier, carotenoids
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These type of lipids make some plant cell membranes and nerve cell membranes
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Glycolipids
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What are sources of carbon for autotrophs?
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Carbon Dioxide
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What are the sources of carbon for heterotrophs?
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Organic Molecules
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What does activation energy allow to happen
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production of more product in shorter amount of time
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True or False- All enzymes are proteins
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false
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What is the active site?
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it is the key site for substrate binding to products
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True or false: after a reaction is done enzymes can be re-used
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True
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Give an example of absolute specificity
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Succinate is the only substrate that will work for the enzyme dehydrogenase
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These lower activation energy
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Enzymes
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True or False. Temperature too high is capable of destroying an enzyme
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true
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These lower activation energy
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Enzymes
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True or False. Temperature too high is capable of destroying an enzyme
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true
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What is the optimal temperature for enzymes to work in humans
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37 degrees celcius or 98.8 degrees farenheit.
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What type of organisms are considered eukaryotic cells
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Fungi/protozoans, animals and plants
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What are the three organelles of plants that animals lack?
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A central vacuole, chloroplasts, cell wall
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What role does the nucleolus play in the nucleus
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The nucleolus is responsible for making rRNA and assembly of large and small subunits of ribosomes.
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Why don't ribosomes stay in the nucleolus?
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Because of protein synthesis
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What is the plasma membrane of the nucleus composed of?
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Sugar- lipids-proteins
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which of the following can be viewed by a light microscope?
a.) lysosomes b.)mitochondria c.) ribosomes d.) protein e.) viruses |
b. mitochondria
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Isoprene is part of the structure of....
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Terpenes
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A large, mostly non-polar four ring structure describes the overall structure of
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cholesterol
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What are the purine bases?
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Adenine and guanine
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What size does the large and small subunits reach when they are combined?
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80's
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Why is mitochondria folded?
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to increase surface area
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what is this process? converting chemical energy by breaking down glucose to make atp
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atp synthesis
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what is the purpose of ATP-->ADP
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to release energy for other needs such as moving muscles
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how many mitochondria does a cell have?
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multiple, even 100's
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which is bigger chloroplast or mitochondria?
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chloroplasts
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Which is closer to nucleus Rough ER or smooth ER
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rough ER
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What is the function of the smooth ER?
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lipid synthesis
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what is the function of the Rough ER and why is it called Rough?
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protein synthesis and because of the ribosomes present on the membrane
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what is the function of the golgi complex?
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protein sorting
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proteins are sent to the golgi by which organelle?
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Rough ER
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This organelle involves the glycosilation of proteins
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Golgi complex
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The cell component is composed of enzymes that break down stuff using water (hydrolytic reactions). They also digest incoming nutrients and waste products
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Lysosomes
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What is the pH of lysosomes and why?
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approximately 4 because they have a mechanism of pumping in hydrogen atoms
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breaks down H202 by the enzyme catalase?
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peroxisomes
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What enzyme allows peroxisomes to break down hydrogen peroxide?
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catalase
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This is found within animal cells, prominently in the liver and kidney. Some reactions that occur in these are good in breaking down methanol, ethanol, and formaldehyde
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peroxisomes
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Where are peroxisomes found within plant cells?
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within the seeds
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what is cytosol
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semi- liquid within the cytoskeleton
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what is the building block of microtubules?
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tubulin
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what is the role of microtubules?
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chromosome movement, movement of organelles, movement w/ cilia or flagella
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what are intermediate filaments composed of ?
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proteins but the exact kind varies with cell type
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What is the role of Intermediate filaments?
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to maintain shape and attachment to other cells
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What is the building block for microfilaments?
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actin
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What is the role of microfilaments?
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muscle contraction, cell shape, and movement of a variety of cell components
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What are the negatively charged functional groups?
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Carboxyl, Phosphate
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what are the Positively charged functional group (s)
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amino
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what are the neutral but polar functional groups?
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carbonyl, aldehyde, sulfhydryl, Hydroxyl
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Why is H20 so cohesive ?
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because of all the hydrogen bonds
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What aspect of H2O mekes water more stable to changes in temperature?
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specific heat
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Amino acids are joined together by .....
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peptide bonds
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This protein structure is held together by hydrogen bonds
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the alpha helix of the secondary structure
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Hydrogen bonds between two strands of protein. This is the ..... protein structure
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Beta sheet secondary structure
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In the secondary structure, this doesn't form either a helix or b sheet
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random coil
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the structure of hair has high amounts of .....
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alpha helix
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Hi amounts of beta sheets are found in....
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feathers, silk
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2 glycine amino acids combine to form...
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alanine
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What is the tertiary structure's role?
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how the R groups interact with each other
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What are the four ways the r groups interact with eachother?
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disulfide bonds
hydrogen bonds ionic bonds and van der waal forces |
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what are the four ways the r groups interact with each other in order of least strongest to most strongest
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van der waal
hydrogen bonds ionic bonds disulfide bonds |
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This structure is responsible for giving the three dimensional structure of individual protein
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tertiary structure
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True or false: all proteins have some tertiary
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True
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What is the role of the Quaternary structure?
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the joining of individual protein subunits
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What is a gene?
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A segment of DNA responsible for making rRNA or tRNA
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What are the groups responsible for the composition of a nucleotide
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A sugar group and phosphate group, and a base
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What are the two types of sugar in terms of nucleotides?
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deoxy ribose and ribose
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Adenine and Guanine are known as
hint: starts with p |
purines
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uracil, thymine, cytosine are known as
hint: starts with p |
pyramidines
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RNA or DNA
OH, bases ACUG |
RNA
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RNA or DNA
H, bases ACTG |
DNA
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When adenine is added to sugar what is it called?
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adenosine
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when adenine is added to sugar and a phosphate what is it called?
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Adenosine Monophosphate
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what is a nucleoside?
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base + sugar
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what is a nucleotide composed of?
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Base+sugar+phosphate
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how many strands is an RNA molecule?
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single stranded
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how many strands is a DNA molecule?
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double stranded
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how many hydrogen bonds are between Adenine and Thymine?
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2
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how many hydrogen bonds are between Guanine and Cytosine?
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3
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how do you make a double strand to a single strand?
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by heating it up
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which takes more heat to detach A-T or G-C?
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G-C
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these are highly negatively charged due to phosphate group
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nucleic acids
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What are the two structures of monosaccharides?
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Aldosugar and Ketosugar
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.... is the mirror image of D-glucose
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L glucose
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how many ways are there to draw glucose
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16 different ways
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In Glucose, if the OH on C1 is down then it is known as
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alpha D-glucose
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in glucose, if the OH on C1 is up then it is known as
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Beta D-glucose
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How do you join sugars together?
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Glycosidic bonds
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What is alpha glycosidic bond?
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Bonds between C1 and C4 and a V line to connect them
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What is beta glycosidic bond?
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bond between C1 and C4 and a Z line to connect them
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Where is a high concentration of Glycogen found in?
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the liver
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Where is high concentration of starch found in?
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in plants
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compose the structure of cell walls in plants
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cellulose
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Glycogen/ starch are polymers of .......
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polysaccharides
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Which kind of glycosidic bond is more prevelent in glycogen than in starch?
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Alpha 1-6
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In humans there are no enzymes that break this type of glycosidic bond
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Beta 1-4
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Straight chains of beta 1-4 bonds holding together molecules of Beta D glucose. This describes the structure of .....
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cellulose
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are lipids polar or non-polar
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non-polar
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the fewer C-H bonds in lipids the more ...... it is
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unsaturated
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What is a fatty acid?
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long hydrocarbon chain
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how long are fatty acid chains in terms of carbon?
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12-20 carbons in length
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how long are fatty acid chains in terms of carbon in the most common instances?
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16 or 18 carbons
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these store fats/ fatty acids, make up fatty tissue, very good insulators, store energy in the form of fats
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triacylglycerol or triglycerides
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these two make up triglycerides
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glycerol and fatty acids
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what are the two types of phospholipids?
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Sphingolipids and phosphoglycerides
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fatty acids with one ore more double bonds are considered....
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unsaturated
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