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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List three types of mucosa in oral cavity? and their location.
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Lining (ventral tongue, buccal cavity, vestibule, soft palate)
Masticatory (gingiva and hard palate) Specialized (dorsum of tongue) |
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What kind of epithelium is found in each mucosa of oral cavity?
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Lining - Non-keratinized strat. squamous
Masticatory - Keratinized start. squamous Specialized - Keratinized start squam |
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Which two kinds of cells are found in taste buds?
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Generative cells (basal) and Sensory cells (life span is about 10 days)
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Which layers of GI tube usually have vessels and lymphoid tissues?
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Lamina propria of mucosa AND
Submucosa |
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Name the specialized cells associated with lymphoid tissue. What is their function?
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M cells
Antigen presenting cells |
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which layer of muscle contracts to empty mucosal glands?
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Muscularis interna (which is smooth muscle)
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Describe the regional differences (between pits and glands) of different regions of stomach.
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Cardia - Short pits and equal glands
Fundus and body - Glands longer than pits Pyloris - Pits longer than glands |
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Describe the secretion from surface mucosal cells of stomach?
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Neutral insoluble mucus.
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Describe the secretion from mucous neck cells.
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Acidic soluble mucus. Tends to flush out the glands.
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Parietal cell secretes...
Chief cell secretes... |
HCL and Intrinsic factor
Pepsinogen and Rennin |
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Which cells are located at thev ery base of crypts of small intestine?
What does it secrete? |
Paneth cells.
Typical zymogen secreting cell-- secretes antimicrobial alpha-defensins (lysozyme and poly-cation). |
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How is sperm membrane stabilized?
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Glycoprotein inhibitors of acrosomal membrane (from seminal vesicles and epididymis)
CHLS (must be removed for acrosomal rxn) |
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Capacitation steps
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(1) reduction of CHLS
(2) Mannose receptor move to the plasma membrane and cluster in equatorial segment (3) Binding to mannose residues on zona pellucida (4) Initiate acrosomal rxn. |
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Where are mannose receptors located on the sperm?
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In the equatorial segment
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Acrosomal Rxn
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Fusion of acrosomal and the plasma membrane.
Digestive enzymes are released. |
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Fertilization
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Post acrosomal membrane binding to oocyte.
The sperm nucleus enters the cytoplasm of oocyte. |
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Cortical reaction
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Change in the structure of zona pellucida to prevent polyspermy
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Which rxn prevents polyspermy?
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Cortical rxn.
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Examples of acrosomal enzymes
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Acrosin and Hyalurindase
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Seminal vesicle secretes..
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Fructose (for energy)
Flavins (forensic value) Seminin (loosen up coagulum) Glycoproteins Prostaglandins (for peristaltic contractions) |
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Prostate secretes...
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Acid phosphatases, Fibrinolysin, Citrate, Hydrolases
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Sperm binds to oocyte at _____ membrane.
Sperm binds to zona pellucida at ____ membrane. |
Post-acrosomal
Equatorial (via mannose receptors) |
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List what happens in spermiogenesis (as spermatid changes to sperm).
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Large lysosome (acrosome) formed.
Nuclues condenses. Cytoplasm and Centrioles move to cell pole opposite of acrosome. Distal centriol becomes template for flaggelar axoneme |
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Sperm divisions
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Sperm head
Sperm middle piece. - Axoneme, Surrounded by 9 dense bodies, surrounded by mito Sperm principle piece - Axoneme, surrounded by 7 dense bodies, surrounded by ribs (AND has dorsal and ventral columns) Tail end - About 20 or so microtubules |
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Sertoli cells secrete ___ rich fluid in tubules.
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K
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Sertoli cells secrete... (6 things)
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(1) Androgen BP
(2) K rich fluid (3) Inhibin (4) Activin (5) LHRH (6) Transferring (transfers iron from blood to adlumenal compartments) |
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List two steriod secreting cells and their diagnostic features.
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Leydig cells and Theca Interna cells.
SER, Mitochondria with tubular cristae, few cytoplasmic lipid droplets. |
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Orientation of muscularis externa?
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Inner - Circular
Outer - Longitudinal |
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Glands associated with following tissues...
Circumvillate Papillae Duodenum Submucosa Olfactory Epithelium Urethra |
Circumvillate Papillae - Von Eber's
Duodenum Submucosa - Brunner's Olfactory Epithelium - Bowman's Urethra - Glands of Littre |
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What is secreted by Brunner's gland?
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Mucus, Epithelial growth factor and Bicarbonate
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What is found in the glycocalyx of small intestine?
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Digestive enzymes and transporters. (Proteases, glycosidases and lipases)
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Why is the apical membrane of SI clear?
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To resynthesize Lipids. It has SER in this region.
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What is the goblet cell arragements in digestive tract?
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They don't show up till Small intestine.
And after that number of goblet cells increase as we move to distal end. |
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What are some of the products of exocrine digestive glands?
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Amylase (digest carbohydrates)
Lysozyme Lactoferrin J Protein Kallikrien (enzyme involved in Bradykinin production) |
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Which enzyme is inolved in Bradykinin production?
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Kallikrein
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What is absorbed in the large intestine?
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Vitamins and H2O and Na reabsorption
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Which veins drain blood from central vein?
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Sublobular veins. (Vessels in the portal triad are called INTERLOBULAR)
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Liver is covered by...(name the capsule)
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Glisson's
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What defines portal acinus?
Zone... Most sensitive to ischemia Least sensitive to toxins First to show changes after bile duct occlusion... |
Central vein and Portal triad.
Zone1 - Highly oxygenated Zone3 - Poorly oxygenated Zone3, Zone3, Zone1 |
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How does Jaundice develop?
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Bile leaking into sinusoids (of plasma).
Bile ducts are surrounded by tight junctions but pathology in this region makes them leaky and bile leaks out. |
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What are the four types of cells found in liver?
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Ito cell
Hepatocyte Endothelial cell Kupfer cells |
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Which liver cells contribute to sinusoid lining?
Which are contractile? Which are binucleate, polypoid? |
Kupfer cells and Endothelial cells
Ito cells (contribute to portal hypertension) Hepatocytes |
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List four functions of Ito cells in liver?
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(1) Fat and Vitamin A storage (2) Fibrogenesis - Collagen I and III (3) Contractile (cause hypertension) (4) Synthesize retinol binding protein
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Where is Bile acid and bilirubin conjugated?
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On the SER of Hepatocytes.
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Which cells secrete CCK and what is its function?
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I cells in the Duodenum. Cause constriction of Gall Bladder (emptying) and prevent gastric emptying.
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Histological characteristics of Gall bladder?
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(1) Highly folded mucosa (much like oviduct)
(2) Has microvilli (oviduct has cilia) (3) No goblet cells (4) NO muscularis mucosae |
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List the three types of cells found in pancreas?
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Acinar (zymogen secreting)
Centroacinar (Bicarbonate rich fluid) Islet cells (endocrine function) |
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Exocrine secretions of Pancrease are stimulated by..
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CCK (enzyme rich) and Secretin (Bicarbonate rich fluid)
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Constitutive secreting cells
Regulated Secretions |
COPII - Hepatocyte Endocrine function
Clathrin - Acinar cells |
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List some pancreatic enzymes...
Pancreatic Proenzymes... |
Enzymes...
Amylase, Lipases, RNase and DNase Proenzymes... Trypsinogen, Cabcoxypeptidases, Chymotrypsin, Elastase |
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Product of following liver cells and their function...
Delta cells G cells PP cells |
Delta - Somatostatin - Inhibit secretions and smooth muscle contractions.
G - Gastrin - Stimulate HCL release from Parietal cells PP cells - Inhibit exocrine secretion of pancreas (inhibit acinar cells) |
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Liver sinusoids are surrounded which kinds of cells..
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Endothelial cells
Sinosoidal capillaries without basal lamina. |
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Compare Type I and Type II diabetes..
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Ketoacidosis - Only in type I
Ab against Beta islet cells - Only in type 1 Pt reacts to insulin - Type 1 Insulin receptor defective - Type II |
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A type II diabetes patient's Beta islet cells are surrounded by this material..
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Amylin
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Steps in synthesis of melatonin..
Which two cells are found in pineal gland? |
Serotonin --> N-Acetyl Serotonin --> Melatonin
Pinealocyte and Glial cells (stromal cells) |
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3 functions of melatonin..
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Inhibits onset of puberty
Inhibits onset of reproductive activity Regulates secretion of ant and post pituitary hormones |
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Corpora Aranacea
Corpora Amylecia |
Large calcium rich granules (brain sand) in pineal gland
Ca sand in prostate |
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Which enzyme is only found in the pineal gland...
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HIOMT - Hydroxyindole O Methly Transferase
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Two post. pit hormones...synthesized in HT
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Oxytocin - PVN
Vasopressin (ADH)- SCN |
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Basophils AND Acidophil cells in Ant pit.
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Basophils - Gonadotrophes, Corticotrophs, Thyrotrophs
Acidophils - Sommatomammotrophs |
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Four products of alternative splicing of POMC
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MALE -
MSH, ACTH, LPH, Endorphin |
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Functional cell type of intermediate lobe...
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Malanotropes (MSH production)
Also has cotricotropes (ACTH production) |
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Addison's disease
Cushin's disease |
Addisons - Increased ACTH, Decreased Cortisol (Adrenal insufficiency) - Hyperpigmentation
Cushin's - Increase ACTH and Cortisol, Skin changes, Weight gain and hypertension |
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Herring body..
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Has dense core vesicles with neuropeptides in it. They are secreted by Ca mediated exocytosis (at the presynaptic terminal)
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List some brain gut peptides...
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SVIGS - Secretin, VIP, Insulin, Gastrin, Somatostatin,
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Difference between releasing hormone and trophic hormone..
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Releasing hormone - works on ant pituitary
Trophic hormone - works on target cells (released from pituitary) |
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Neurophysin
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Carrier protein as part of the pro-hormone that is released by hypothalamus into post pituitary
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Which protein is found in Pituicytes?
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GFAP- Glial fibrillary acid protein
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Developmental origin of thyroid gland..
Origin of PTH |
Midline diverticulum of the foregut and Pouch V
Inferior - Pouch III Superior - Pouch IV |
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Thyroid Peroxidase is required for...
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Iodine Activation, Iodination and Coupling
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Thyroid Hormone receptors
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Alpha1, Alpha2, Beta1, Beta2
Alpha2 - Doesn't respond to T3 Beta2 - Specifically in brain, developing ear, ant pituitary (part of feedback system) |
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Actions of PTH related peptides...
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Cartilage and bone devlopment, Mammary development and lactation, Placental transfer of Ca
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Which are the functional cells of adrenal medulla?
Which enzyme is specific to these cells and converts NE to Epi? |
Chromaffin cells
PNMT - Phenylalaning N Methyltransferase |
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Structyre of parietal cell
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Mitochondria.
Prominent canaliculi with microvilli - Strongly eosinophilic cytoplasm. |
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Pheochromocytoma
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Hyperplastic chromaffin cels
Results in oxidation of catecholamines by chromium salts |
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Addison's disease
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Adrenal Insufficiency (Decreased Cortisol and Aldosterone)
Hence, Increased ACTH (Hyperpigmentation of skin) |
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Cushin's disease..
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Increased ACTH secretion leading to increased Cortisol release.
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Which two enzymes are used to discharge oocyte from ovary?
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Plasminogen and Prostaglandin
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Which two cell types are found in corpeus luteum?
What do they secrete? |
Granulosa Lutein and Theca Lutein.
Progesterone (hormone of CL) |
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What happens to Cl during pregnancy?
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(1) Trophoblast produce hCG and (2) this causes hypertrophy of CL (3) Progesterone levels increase (4) Relaxin secreted
CL degenrates after 6th month. |
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Corpus luteum is replaced by...
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corpus albicans
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Describe phase changes in Oviduct...
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Follicular phase...More ciliated cells than non-ciliated cells. cilia beating rate increased.
Ovulation - Fimbriae close to Oocyte. Cilia beating and peristaltic contractions to transport egg. Leuteinizing - Increased secretory over ciliary cells. |
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List the two layers of stroma of endomytrium.
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Stratum Functionalis (supplies by spiral arteries) - Sloughed off
Stratum Basalis (supplied by straight arteries) |
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Describe endometrial changes during menstrual phase...
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Days 1 to 4 - Functional layer sheds.
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Endometrial changes during follicular phase
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Proliferative phase...
Epithelium restored. Glands are back - straight Stroma restored due to mitotic activity |
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Which hormone regulates proliferative phase?
Secretory phase Ischemic phase |
Estrogen
Progesterone Lack of Progesterone and Estrogen |
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Changes as part of secretory phase...
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Glands develop.
Spiral arteries develop. Endometrial stroma thickens (due to edema) |
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How does vaginal epithelium change during follicular phase?
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Estrogen increases glycogen levels in vaginal epithelium during follicular phase.
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