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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Subendothelial CT layer of Tunica Intima contains which kind of protein?
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Collagen I Fibers and PGs.
(Tunica Intima has three layets - Endothelial, Subendothelial and IEL) |
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Tunica media is delimited by...
Tunica Media is sectioned by... |
IEL and EEL.
Elastic Lamina |
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List 4 protein types found within Tunica Media...
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(1) Collagen I
(2) Collagen III (Reticular fibers) (3) Fibrillin (4) Elastic Fibers (Elastic Lamina( |
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List the fiber types found in Tunica Adventitia
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Collagen I
Elastic Fiber |
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What are three types of arteries? Where are they found?
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Elastic (closure to heart, bigger arteries)
Muscular (near organs, named arteries) Arterioles (Little arteries) |
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Tissue types for...
Subendothelial CT Subendocardium CT Subepicardium CT Tunica Adventitia |
Subendothelial CT - Dense Reg
Subendocardium CT - Loose Myocardium - Loose Subepicardium CT - Loose Tunica Adventitia - Dense Reg |
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How to tell a difference between an artery and a vein?
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Arteries - Round shape. Crikled IEL. Thick wall (pressure reg) Media prominent (for pressure)
Veins - Deformed shape. Smooth IEL. Thin wall. Adventitia prominent |
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Epinephrine ____ vessels. ____ receptors are used.
Norepinephrine ____ vessels. ____ receptors are used. |
Dilates, Beta 2
Constricts, Alpha 1 |
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Thickness of myocardium...
Thickness of endocardium... |
L Ventricle > R Ventricle >> Atria
Atria >> R Ventricle > L Ventricle |
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Atrial Natriuretic Hormone
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Secreted by Atrial Myocytes in response to increases atrial distention.
converted to active hormone (peptide) in blood – acts upon kidneys to cause natriuresis and diuresis (loss of salt and water) |
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Which layer of heart tissue carries conduction fibers?
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Tunica Intima; Subpericardium layer
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Cresyl blue stain is used to stain...
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Reticulocytes. (it shows a reticular pattern of organelle remnants)
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Name the types of cells that are found in the marrow structure.
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Stromal cells
Clonal cells (of erythrocytes, megakaryocytes and granulocytes) |
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Which cells give rise to platlets?
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Megakaryocytes
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Stromal cells secrete...
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Cytokines
Growth factors (BFGF) Interlukins CFS (colony stimulating factors) |
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Three types of granulycytes..
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Basophils
Eosinophils Neutrophils |
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What does HCT and Plasma represent in the anticoagulated blood?
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HCT - RBC, WBC, Platlets
Plasma - Serum, Fibrinogen |
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What is buffy coat?
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Topmost layer of the HCT. 1% WBC and Platlets.
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What is a reticulocyte?
Its size... Stain... |
Newly formed RBC.
8um Brilliant cresol blue (remnants of the cellular organelles can be seen) |
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List the cells type that are part of Agranulocytes and Granulocytes...
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Agranulocytes - Lymphocytes and Monocytes
Granulocytes - Eosinophil, Basophil, Neutrophil |
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What is the lifespan of a megakaryocyte?
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10 days
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What is vaso vasorum and where is it located?
How does different layers of vessels get their nutrient? |
"vessels of vessels" provides nutrients to the vessels.
Branch profusely in the tunica adventitia and outer layers of tunica media. (other strucutres, like tunica intimia, receive nutrients from diffusion from the blood in the lumen) |
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What is the difference in tunica media of muscular artery versus elastic artery?
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Muscular artery only has smooth muscle.
Elastic artery has smooth muscle with elastic laminas. |
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Which layer forms the valves in veins?
These valves are rich in... They are lined by... |
Tunica Intima
Rich in elastic fibers and Lined on both sides by endothelium. |
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Purkinje cells are housed in which layer of heart?
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Subendocardium layer of Endocardium
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Which kinds of cells are found in follwing layers?
Endocardium Subendothelial layer Subendocardium layer Myocardium Epicardium |
Endo - Endothelium, SMC
Subendothelial layer - Fibroblasts, SMC Subendocardium layer - Purkinje cells Myo - cardiac cells Epi - Mesothelium, SMC |
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RBC Characteristics...
Size Shape Total #in blood Lifespan mL replaced everyday |
Size - 7.5um
Shape - Biconcave Total #in blood - 5 to 6M Lifespan - 120 days mL replaced everyday - 20 |
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How do RBCs maintain their shape (using which proteins)?
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(1) Membrane associated protein mesh (spectrin and actin associated)
(2) HgB content (3) HgB solubility |
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What are reticulocytes?
Size? %age in blood? Stain? |
Newly formed RBCs.
Little bigger than RBC - 8-10um 1 to 2% of circulating RBCs Cresol blue stain (some organelle remnants can be seen) |
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What is the MCV for RBC and for Reticulocytes?
Amount of packed RBCs in blood? |
RBC - 90um(3)
Reticulocytes - 100um(3) 2400ml |
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Explain what happens to RBCs after 120 days...
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(1) Damanged cells removed by RE system (spleen, liver and marrow).
(2) Fe is recycled via transferrin (3) Heme is excreted (4) Globin us degraded and reused. |
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List the %age content of following WBCs.
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes |
Neutrophils - 60%
Eosinophils - 3% Basophils - <1% Lymphocytes - 33% Monocytes - 5% |
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Non-specific granules vs. specific granules (in neutrophils)
%age contains... |
NS-30%, S-70%
NS-Lysosomal Azure NS - Acid phosphatase, elastase, collagenase, peroxidase, cathespin G S - specific antibecterial substances such as lactoferrin, phagocytin, lysozyme |
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Opsonin
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Complement factor on Neutrophil which binds to bacteria and signals for lysosomal phagocytosis.
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What is diapedesis?
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Movement of leukocytes across capillary walls as part of infection response.
Rolling and Loose binding - Selectin ligand on lymphocytes bind to selectin receptors on the endothelial wall. Tight binding - Integrins. Bind to integrin receptors on the endothelial wall. |
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List proteins that are found in eosinophils
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(1) Easinophilic Cationic Protein
(2) Eosinophil Derived Neurotoxin (3) Histaminase (4) Aryl Sulfatase B (5) Peroxidase |
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Which stain is used to view Eosinophils?
Which basic proteins are found in the eosinophils? |
Wright's stain..
ECP Eosinophil derived neurotoxin |
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Eotaxin
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Found in epithelia, fibroblasts and SMcells of asthmatic respiratory tract.
Eotaxin causes degranulation of eosinophils and high levels of ECP can be noted. |
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What kind of Ig receptors are found on basophils?
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IgE
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Platlet granules...
Beta Alpha |
BAAS - ATP, ADP, Serotonin (for platlet aggregation).
Alpha - Fibrinogen, Clotting factors, PDGF |
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PDGF characteristics..
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Chemotactic for inflammatory response cells (Neutrophils, monocytes, fibroblasts, SMC)
Mitogenic for SMC and fibrocytes. |
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What is the function of thromboplastin?
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It converts prothrombin to thrombin.
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List the two effects that thrombin have during clot formation...
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(1) Firbrinogen to fibrin
(2) Release of thrombospondin from platlet |
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What is the function of thrombospondin?
Function of vonWillerband Factor? |
Thrombospondin - Platlet self adhesion
vonWillerband factor - Platlet adhesion to wall |
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Platlets...
Shape Size Skeleton |
Shape - Biconvex
Size - 2-4um Skeleton - Rich in actin-myosin and surrounded by ring of microtubules. |
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Which cells contain histaminase?
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Eosinophils
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What does central pallor mean in RBC?
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Less hemoglobin in the RBCs.
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What does a drumstick represent in a neutrophil?
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Drumstick represents an inactive X chromosome in a female neutrophil cell.
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Azurophilic granules are...
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primary lysosomal granules.
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Podocytes are associated with...
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capillaries in the glomerulus.
Their pedicles surround capillaries and provide an extra layer of filteration. |
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What are lacteals?
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Lymphatic vessels in intestine. (remember lymphatic vessels look like holes).
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What are the two classifications of lymphoid organs?
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Lymphoreticular - reticular cells surround parenchymal cells (ex.-lymph nodes, thymus, spleen)
Lymphoepithelial - Associated with an epithelium so lymph nodes can colonize the epithelium (ex-tonsils, peryer's patches, lymphatic nodules). |
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Macrophages are derived from...
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Monocytes
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List examples of APCs..
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(1) Macrophages
(2) Dendritic cells (3) Langerhans cells (4) M cells in the intestinal musosa |
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Name three proteins presented on the surface of..
B cells T cells APC |
IgM then IgD, CD19+
T-receptor proteins, CD3+ MHC II and Antigen (No CD proteins) |
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Which T cells are activated in response to MHC I and MHC II?
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MHC1 - Cytokine T cells
MHCII - helper T cells (which will in turn activate B cells and Ab release) |
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What are chylomicrons?
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Lacteals absorn cholesterol as chylomicrons. Lymphatic vessels (lacteals) transport these chylomicrons to liver.
Lacteas are found in small intestine only. |
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What are addresins?
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P and E selectin molecules that help lymphocytes with diapedesis.
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What kinds of cells are found on following regions of a lymph node?
Cortex Paracortex Medulla Sinus |
Cortex - B cells, APC, Th2, Plasma cells (in germinal centers).
Paracortex - T cells, APC Medulla - B cells, Plasma cells, Macrophages Sinuses - Stellate shaped reticular cells, APC, Macrophages |
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Endogenous inflammation vs. exogenous inflammation response.
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Endogenous- Presented by APC and MHC I. Cytotoxix T cells are activated.
Exogenous - Presented by APC and MHC II. T helper cells are activated. Th1 activates more T cells and Th2 activate B cells. |
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What kind of cells are found in...
PALS - Lymphoid Nodules Marginal zone |
T cells
B cells B and T cells, Macrophages, APC |
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What kinds of cells are found in thymic cortex?
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T cells, Macrophages and Ectodermally derived endothelial reticular cells.
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How do we know that reticular cells in thymus are epithelial origin?
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Due to Karatin in their desmosome junctions (keratin filaments in the epithelial cells).
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How many different kinds of stromal cells exist in Thymus?
Which are APC? Which contribute to Hassel's corpuscle? Which form border between Medulla and cortex? |
6 different times.
APC - II and V HC - VI III and IV. |
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What are the three types of lymphocytes?
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T, B and NK cells
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Where does erythropoietin get synthesized?
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90% in kidney and 10% in liver.
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What kind of CT is cardiac fibrous skeleton?
Which layer of heart secretes serous fluid? |
Dense
Mesothelium of epicardium |
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Chordae Tendinae
Attachment Consists of... |
Papillary muscles of ventricles to ventricular surfaces of tricuspid and mitral valves.
Collagen fibers |
