Cell Biology

Front 1

four types of movement in membrane

Back 1

felxion, rotation, lateral diffusion, flip flop

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cholesterol

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helps to maintain membrane fluidity

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LDL

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is internlalized via clathrin coated pits

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spectrin dimers

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associate to form tetramers that ar elinked to networks on cytoskeleton via actin, tropomyosin, band protein, and adducin. LInked to cytoskeltion cia ankyrin molecules.

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integrins

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allow for anchoring to extracellular matrix with fibronection on cortical regino

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mesentary vs. capillary epithelium

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mesothelium vs. endothelium...simple squamos

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follicular cells of the thyroid

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simple cuboidal epithelium

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collecting tubules of kidney in the renal medulla

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cuboidal epithelium

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intestinal epithelium

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simple columnar cells with brush border, goblet cells, and invding lymphocytes

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striated duct epithelium

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simple columnr epithelium, basal striation represent inflodings of the plasma membrane to increase cell surface area. BS are invovled with fluid transport and ion. mitochindrai have bs,

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oviduct

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ciliated, simple columnar epithelium

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epididymis

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these are pseudostratified columnar epithelium, have special sterocillia.

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Difference between sterocillia, microvilli, and cillia

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must find out

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trachea

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ciliated pseudostratified epithelium

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vagina

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stratified squamos non cornifed epithelium

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epithelium of esophagus

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same as vagina

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Nostril

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cornified stratified squamos epithelium

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what are melanocytes

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later

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duct of salivary gland

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stratified columnar epithelium

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Ureter

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dome cells at the surface, cells of this kind are found only in transitional epithelium

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bladder

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dome cells on the surface, transitional epithelium on a distended bladder.

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cytoskelton is

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bones and muscles can move and adapt,provides machinery for intracellular movement,

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cytoskeleton and 3 protein types

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intermediate filaments, microtubules, and microfilaments. distinct and formed from a different protein subuit.

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intermediate filaments

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are cable like fibers composed of IF Proteins

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microtubules

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hollow tubes made of tubulin

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microfilaments are helical

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polymers formed by the protein actin. Many thousands assemble into threads.

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Intermediate

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10 nm, toughest of the 3 types, enable cells to withstand mechanical stresses. often anchored to cell cel junctions forming tonofilaments of desmosomes and hemidesmosomes.

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nuclear lamina

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IFs that break down along with the nuclear lamina during mitosis.

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IF Structure

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consist of many ropes with long strands twisted togethor, made of elongated protein strands consisting of alpha helical and amino terminal globular heads and a carboxy terminal globular tail.

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globular head and tail

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facilitate interactions with other cellular components

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epidermolyis bullosa simplex

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mutains in keratin genes for epithelium specific IFs interfere with the formation of keratin filaments in epidermis.

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epidemyolysis bulbosa

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results in skin being highly vernable to mechanical injury where hemidesmosomes are present.

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cytoplasmic IF types

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keratin filaments, vimentin and vimentin related filaments and neurofilaments, while nuclear IFs form a single class nuclear lamins.

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kertatin filamets

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are found in epithelial of diferent types

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vimentin and vimentin related

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found in mesodermally derived tissues and in supporting cells of the of the nervous system

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desmin

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important componenet of muscle cells that is in connective and GFAP.

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IFs of nuclear

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different: composed of 2 dimensional instead of ropes, and turnover with cell division in contrast to epith. phosphoryaltion dissassembles and dephosph reassembles

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clincially useful

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because ifs are so characterisitc of each cell types, stained for tumors.

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microtubules

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25, largest, cillia and flagella, can assemble and reassemble

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centrosome and MTS in interphase

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extend from the centrosome but not quite to cell membrane, centrosome evident by centrioles imbedded in it.

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dividing cells

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extend from the pericentriolar material. PG5

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epithelia

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avascular, innervated, high mitotic index, cells on basement membrane, juctionss, polarized for functions

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basement membrane

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basal lamina-epith orgin

reticular lamina-fibroblast origin -collagen, connective matrix

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Collagen 4

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hgihly glycosylated, telopeptides, head and tail interaction. Heparin sulfate provides the bassal lamina with a high concentratin of negative charges.

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Laminin

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binding protein in basal lamina

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Entacin

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binds lamin to collagen 4

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basal lamina function

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supports epithelium, metabalism and differentiation, selective filtratino barrier. Permits cell migration, Provides scaffold for repair.

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tight junctions

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zonula occludens belt, integral membrane proteins fuse like occludins and claudins. Forming seal between lumenal and intercellual spaces. Creates lumenal and basolateral domains. Ca dependent formation; form and break often. Claudins-channels

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anchoring juctions

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zonula adherens
desmosomes
and hemidesmosomes. cadhedrins to other cells below apices. Ca depend,. cyto side binds to actin forming tight adh.

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communicating gap junct

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macula

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desmosome

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binds cells very strongly via cadhedrin nd keratins. abundant where needed. keratin! also hemis same but to ec matrix

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commnicating junctions

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formed by proteins called connexons, these form tubes, when lined up with a counterpart in an adjacent cell a patent channel is formed. regulated by twisiting of the connexins. free exchange of 1000 dalton molecules. rapid tuenover rate and can close in repsonse to stress from other cell.

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occludins and claudins

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tight junctions and aqueus pores

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cadherins

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Ca dependent, single pass, integral membrane proteins that bind cell to cell

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immunoglobin super family

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binds cell to cell and with globulin characterisitcs. high globulin content higher hold

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integrins

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ca or mg dependent, single pass heterodimeric intergrel protein that binds cell to matrix via collagen, fibronectin, or lamin. hemisdesmosomes common

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selectins

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ca dependent, single pass, integral membrane proteins that cintain lectin. bind via carbohydrate moieties. sperm to egg binding. binding embryo to uterine wall. white cell homing

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cellular appendages

cillia adn sterocillia

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cillia-non motile (9+0 microtubules. involved with sensation via ca.
Sterocillia-in male reproductive tract and ear for sensory

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Golgi shit

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fuck

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signal peptides

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found on the N-terminal

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ER to golgi

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to other compartments of th cell, not mitochondria

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proteins move from the cytosol to the nucleas

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via gated transport

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curl

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a compart that removes receptors from the ligand

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the er, both rough and smooth.... are different how

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both enclose the sme lumenal space, however, the rough er forms flattened cisternae while the smooth is connected via a tubular network

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in contrast, each cisternae of the golgi

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is elived to be an fucking different compartment. communication via vesicles

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Cop 1

cop 2

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-recylcing

constituitive

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when the signal peptide comes out first

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it directs the ribosome to the er lumen. here it is pushed through a pore while being synthesized, and the signal is cleaved. The mature protein is now in the lumne of er.

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proteins are glycosylted as sonn

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as they enter the er lumen, they are glycosylated on ASP at the following sequences...ASN-X-SER, or ASN-X-Thr

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dolichol, the lipid carrier for the oligosaccharide helps transfer the oligosac to the ASN. Sugars are added to dolichol.

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Note that the addition of sugars to dolichol begins
on the cytosolic side of the ER membrane and continues
on the luminal side after the lipid intermediate is fl ipped
across the ER bilayer.

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three major division to the golgi

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three major divisions to the Golgi:
cis Golgi network (CGN) , the Golgi stacks, and the trans Golgi network (TGN).

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proteins are synthesized in a conveyer belt fashio along the ER then are transported via COP 2s across to the golgi cis network

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cop 2 for constitutive, cop 1 for recycling

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endosomal and lysosomal pathways

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are always dependent on clathrin coated vesicles

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salvage pathway through the golgi intermediate compartment

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is a salvage patheay for KDEL rceptors via microtubules

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brefeldin

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block the forward pathway of synthesized proteins

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nocodazole

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blocks the return pathway of KDEL receptors