Cell Biology

Front 1

the transfer of a.a.#2 to the a.a#1 and
subsequent formation of the peptide
bond.

Back 1

P E P T I D Y L T R A N S F E R A S E

Front 2

One of several small, highly conserved
basic proteins, found in the chromatin
of all eukaryotic cells, that associate
with DNA in the nucleosome.

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H I S T O N E S

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When sister chromatids (homologous
chromatids) are not available to help
repair double-strand breaks, nucleotide
sequences are butted together that
were not apposed in the unbroken DNA
(are non-homologous).

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E N D - J O I N I N G

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The sequence ofnucleotide triplets
(codons) that runs from a specific
translation start codon in an mRNA to a
stop codon. Some mRNAs can be
translated into different polypeptides by
reading in two different reading frames.

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R E A D I N G F R A M E

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Short fragments (<1000 bases), singlestranded
DNA fragments that are
formed during synthesis of the lagging
strand in DNA replication and are
rapidly joined by DNA ligase to form a
continuous DNA strand.

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O K A Z A K I

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A DNA repair mechanism that fixes
DNA regions containing chemically
modified bases that distort the normal
shape of the DNA. This mechanism
repairs thymine-thymine dimers

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N U C L E O T I D E E X C I S I O N R E P A I R

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catalyze the acylation rxn that places
the amino acid coded by the anticodon
loop to the appropriate tRNA; charges
the tRNA with the correct amino acid

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A M I N O A C Y L T R N A S Y N T H E T A S E

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An enzyme that copies one strand of
DNA (the template strand) to make the
complementary strand, forming a new
double-stranded DNA molecule.

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D N A P O L Y M E R A S E

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a common type of DNA damage
caused by UV light.

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T H Y M I N E D I M E R S

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Sequence of three nucleotides in a
tRNA that is complementary to a codon
in an mRNA. During protein synthesis,
base pairing between a codon and
anticodon aligns the tRNA carrying the
corresponding amino acid for addition
to the growing polypeptide chain.

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A N T I C O D O N

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A short nucleic acid sequence
containing a free 3'-hydroxyl group that
forms base pairs with a complementary
template strand and functions as the
starting point for addition of nucleotides
to copy the template strand.

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P R I M E R

Front 12

site where the tRNAiMET binds and
remains UNTIL the TERMINATION
codon is reached.

Back 12

P -S I T E

Front 13

Y-shaped region in double stranded
DNA at which the 2 strands are
separated and replicated during DNA
synthesis.

Back 13

R E P L I C A T I O N F O R K

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Any DNA sequence that is not present
in the same chromosomal location in all
individuals of aspecies and can move
to a new position by transposition

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T R A N S P O S A B L E D N A E L E M E N T

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One copy of a replicated chromosome,
formed during the S phase of the cell
cycle, that is joined at the centromere
to the other copy

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C H R O M A T I D

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Part of a primary transcript (or the DNA
encoding it) that is removed by splicing
during RNA processing and is not
included in the mature, functional
mRNA, rRNA, or tRNA

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I N T R O N S

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Exit site; site where terminal charged
tRNA binds.

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E -S I T E

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Complex of DNA, histones, and
nonhistone proteins from which
eukaryotic chromosomes are formed.

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C H R O M A T I N

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referring to how eukaryotic DNA is
orgainzed such that each mRNA
molecule produced by a gene
sequence encodes a single protein

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M O N O C I S T R O N I C

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DNA sequence that is similar to that of
a functional gene but does not encode
a functional product; probably arose by
sequence drift of duplicated genes.

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Pseudo gene

Front 21

Regions of chromatin that remain highly
condensed and transcriptionally
inactive during interphase.

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Hetero Chromatin

Front 22

Repair mechanism for double stranded
breaks that result in two homologous
chromosomes being ligated back
togehter.

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Homologous recombination repair

Front 23

organized such that each mRNA
include the coding region for several
proteins that function together in a
biological process

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Polycistronic

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One of the two daughter DNA strands
formed at a replication fork by
continuous synthesis in the 5' to 3'
direction. The direction of leadingstrand
synthesis is the same as
movement of the replication fork.

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Leading

Front 25

Sequence of three nucleotides in DNA
or mRNA that specifies a particular
amino acid during protein synthesis;
also called triplet. Of the 64 possible
codons, three are stop codons, which
do not specify amino acids and cause
termination of synthesis.

Back 25

Codon

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Referring to two nucleic acid
sequences or strands that can form
perfect base pairs with each other.

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Complementary

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Less condensed portions of chromatin
present in interphase chromosomes;
includes most transcriptionally active
regions

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Euchromatin

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type of eukaryotic transposable DNA
element whose movement in the
genome is mediated by an RNA
intermediate and involves a reverse
transcription step

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Retro transposon

Front 29

Segment of a eukaryotic gene (or of its
primary transcript) that reaches the
cytoplasm as part of a mature mRNA,
rRNA, or tRNA molecule.

Back 29

Exon

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Structural unit of chromatin consisting
of a disk-shaped core of histone
proteins around which a 147-bp
segment of DNA is wrapped.

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Nucleosome

Front 31

genes (i.e., new combinations of exons)
from preexisting ones by recombination
between introns of two separate genes
or by transposition of mobile DNA
elements.

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exon shuffling

Front 32

Short, tandemly repeated sequences
that are found at centromeres and
telomeres as well as at other
chromosomal locations and are not
transcribed

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Satellite DNA

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Comparative analysesof the complete
genomic sequences from different
organisms and determination of global
patterns of gene expression; used to
assess evolutionary relations among
species and to predict the number and
general types of RNAs produced by an
organism.

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Genomics

Front 34

One of the two daughter DNA strands
formed at a replication fork as short,
discontinuous segments (Okazaki
fragments), which are synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction and later joined.

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Lagging

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1969 –1973, Who was instated as the first MCPOCG

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BMCM Charles L. Calhoun
(EPME, E4-8)