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180 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How do Prokaryotes compartmentalize?
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Infolding
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What are mesosomes? What is their function?
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Infoldings of the membrane to form ATP.
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What is teh function of a ribosome?
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Synthesizes proteins
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What are ribosomes made of?
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rRNA and Protein
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What is a nucleoid?
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A low density area within every bacteria
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Where are genophores and plastids located?
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Within the nucleoid
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What is a genophore?
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All of the information from chromosomes
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What type of structure does the nuclear membrane have?
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Double membrane consisting of proteins and lipids
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How do cytoplasm and nucleoplasm interact?
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Pores in nuclear membrane
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What are cytoplasm and nucleoplasm made up of?
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Microtubules
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Nucleoli
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Spherical satellite bodies
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Where does rRNA originally comes from?
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Nucleoli
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Where is the ER?
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Runs from nucleus to cell membrane
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What is teh function of smooth ER?
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Chemical conversions (carbs > lipids)
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Golgi Bodies
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Broken off bodies of ER that serve as vesicles for proteins
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Lysosomes
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"suicide bags" that are a powerful assortment of enzymes to break shit down
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Cristae
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Inner membrane of mitochondria which is convoluted
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Granae
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Stack of thylakoids embedded in stroma
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Stroma
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Matrix around granae
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Where does hte light dependent reaction take place? Independent?
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Granae
Stroma |
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What are the subparticles for ribosomes in a eukaryote and what does it form altogether? Prokaryote? Mitochondrion? Chloroplast?
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E- 60s + 40s = 80s
P- 50s + 30s = 70s M- 70s C- 70s |
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Svedberg unit
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How quickly a molecule passes in a centrifuge
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What is teh genetic system of a prokaryote? Eukaryote?
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Circular DNA (nonrepetitive)
Chromosomes (repetitive) |
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Chromosomes
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DNA + protein
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What types of organelles do prokaryotes have? Eukaryotes?
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None
Vast array due to internal membranes |
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Do prokaryotes form tissues? Eukaryotes?
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No
Many do |
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How do prokaryotes go about cell division? Eukaryotes?
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Fission or Budding
Mitosis |
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How do prokaryotes have sex? Eukaryotes?
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Conjugation or exchange plasmids
Equal genetic material fuses |
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How do prokaryotes move? Eukaryotes?
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Single flagellum
Complexicated flagella and cilia |
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How do prokayotes get nutrition? Eukaryotes?
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Photosynthesis or Absorption
Photosynthesis, Absorption, or Ingestion |
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Microtubules
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Structures within cytoplasm that are important in mitosis and meiosis
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Centrioles
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27 microtubules that serve as an organizing structure of flagella and cilia
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Cytoskeleton
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Structural molecule composed of microtubules
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Microfilaments
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Repeating units of Polymerase G-actin that contribute to cells cytoskeleton and cell movement
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Intermediate filaments
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Contribute to cytoskeleton (larger than microfilaments but smalled than microtubules)
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How many years ago was the Big Bang?
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15 billion
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What evidence is their for the big bang?
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Radio Stars
Rate of celestial bodies moving |
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Steady State Hypothesis
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Matter and energy are constant and always have been
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What were the only two elements present immediately after the Big Bang?
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Hydrogen
Helium |
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Who did an experiment trying to find out where life originally came from and created the building blocks of cells?
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Miller and Urey
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What did Miller and Urey use for their experiment? Why did they use them?
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H, H20, NH3, CH4, heat, and spark
Original elements on Earth |
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When was Earth formed?
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3.5-5 billion years ago
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Alexander Operin
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created the Coacervate Theory stating cells formed from polar water molecules orienting around ions
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Sydney Fox
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worked with microspaerules or protenoids and created spheres of protein with membrane that even went through budding (life from nonlife)
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Film Collapse Theory
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Some molecules are insoluble in H20 (proteins and lipids), waves created cells
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What is wrong with Opin, Fox, and the Film Collapse Theory?
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Do not allow for gene formation or cell replication
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What is teh oldest cell to record?
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3.5 billion years old
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Norman Horowitz
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created "evolution backwards" states that primitive organisms needed end product as time went on chemical pathways were developed by a slow process
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Heme and Poryphyin
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Compounds that are very easy to make from inorganic compounds and aid in respiration and photosynthesis
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How are green adn purple sulfur bacteria different then purple non-sulfur bacteria?
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Green and purple sulfur bacteria cant fixate CO2
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What is the difference between purple non-sulfur bacteria and mitochondrion?
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Mitochondria have photosynthetic cycle
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How could green adn purple sulfar bacteria have helped the earliest development of new species?
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Produced O2 as a waste product
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Aerobic respiration is __#__ times more efficient than anaerobic respiration?
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19
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What needed to happen before organisms could live on the land of the Earth?
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O3 needed to be created by organisms
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How old is the earliest eukaryotic fossil?
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2 billion years
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How did organisms transition to eukaryotic?
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A prokaryote lacked cell wall and fed by endocytosis
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How old is the earlies multicellular organism?
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2 billion years ago
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What are the advantages of being multicellular? *6
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Greater life expectancy
Better cell repair Better reproduction Larger body size Greater internal selection More variation in body |
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Two polyssaccharides that are metabolically active food storage
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Starch adn Glycogen
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Two polysaccharides that are important for structure
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Cellulose and Chitin
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How is cellulose held together?
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Beta-linkages
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Peptidoglycan sheet
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N-acetylglucosamine linked with acetylmuramic acid cross linked by amino acids in bacterial cell walls
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Gram + has (more/less) peptidoglycan than Gram -
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More
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Gram - has (more/less) peptidoglycan than Gram +
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Less
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What are examples of lipids?
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Fats
Oils Steroids Waxes |
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Lipids are soluble in (polar/nonpolar) solvents
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Nonpolar
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Neutral fat
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When a fat combines with glycerol
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Glycerides backbone molecule is ________
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Neutral fats
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Amphipatric
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Molecule that has polar and nonpolar ends leading it to be hydrophobic and hydrophilic
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Sphingolipids
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Common in nerve cell membranes (lack glycerol), one fatty acid is replaced by a sphingosine residue
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What are glycolipids?
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contain cerebrosides contain a carbohydrate residue
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What are gangliocides?
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Glycolipids that are in nerve cells
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What two lipids are not soponephiable?
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Steroids and Turpines
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What percentage of the dry weight is from proteins in the cell?
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50%
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How many proteins are used by teh genetic code?
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20
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Is Actin fibrous or globular? Myosin? Enzymes? Colligens? Hormones? Antibodies? Carotins? What is the common factor in all of these?
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Actin- Fibrous
Myson- Fibrous Enzymes- Globular Colligens- Fibrous Hormones- Globular Antibodies- Globular Carotins- Fibrous All are proteins |
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What makes a protein polar?
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If electron is lost from carboxyl group and attaches to amino group
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Zwitter ion
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A protein that is polar
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When will a zwitter amino acid disappear?
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When multiple amino acids combine to form a large zwitter ion
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Freed hydrogen ions near a protein leads to
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Net positive charge of protein due to hydrogen joining
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What is the varying piece of an amino acid that gives makes it different then other amino acids?
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Radical group has changed
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How does a protein become basic?
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Excessive OH molecules are present and an H is lost from the Carboxyl group
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What determines the structure of teh amino acid?
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pH of solution
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Electrophoresis
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A method of seperating proteins so as to determine different types of proteins in different animals
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Amphoteric
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Any molecule that changes its shape due to pH
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What is isofocusing electrophoresis?
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H+ flood anode side and OH- flood cathode side; charges of the proteins then push towards their isoelectric point; every proteins p.I. will be different
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Isoelectric point
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The point at which an Amino acid is propelled away from its anode or cathode because of its affinity
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p.I. value
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the PH at which amino acids find its isoelectric point
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What types of bonds are between amino acids?
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Peptide bonds
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What is teh difference between a peptide and a protein?
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Peptides are short chains whereas proteins are long chains
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Polypeptide chain
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Multiple peptides chains join and form with peptide bonds
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What is the type of bonding in Primary structure?
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Peptide
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What is the type of bonding in Secondary structure
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Hydrogen Bonding
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What is the type of bonding in Tertiary Structure?
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Disulfide bridges
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What are enzymes composed of?
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Protein and cofactor
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Venom
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Proteinase
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How can you stop venom?
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Denature the proteins...
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Globular or lamellar model
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Membrane consisted of mi cells that have proteins and lipids
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Why does the globular or lamellar model not work?
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The theoretical electrical impedence and actual are different
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Singer and Nicholson
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created the transformation or mosaic model which stated that the cell membrane is not static but like an oil, proteins are on inner and outer membrane and integral and are constantly moving; fatty acids point out and chains face in
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Choline headed phospholipid
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Occur on outer surface of cell membrane
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Amine headed phospholipid
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Occur on inner surface of membrane
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What happens to cells that can not synthesize cholesterol? why?
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Spontaneously burst
Cholesterol stabilizes cell membranes |
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How many types of proteins are in the cell membrane as distinguished by isoelectricphoresis?
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50
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How many types of proteins are in the cell as distinguished by isoelectricphoresis?
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200
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Freeze fracturing
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a technique to separate inner and outer membranes (-196 degrees C) creating 4 membranes that can be studied
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Lectins
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Plant proteins that only bind to carbohydrate portion of glycoproteins and glycolipids
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Canth amoeba
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LAcks glycoproteins and was used to determine the location of glycolipids by freeze fracturing
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What are the four factors of lipid movement?
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Length of fatty acid chains
Amount of saturation of hydrocarbon chain Presence of integral proteins Degree of packing |
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The (longer/shorter) the fatty acid chain the slower the movement of lipids
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Longer
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Choline headed phospholipid
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Occur on outer surface of cell membrane
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Amine headed phospholipid
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Occur on inner surface of membrane
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What happens to cells that can not synthesize cholesterol? why?
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Spontaneously burst
Cholesterol stabilizes cell membranes |
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How many types of proteins are in the cell membrane as distinguished by isoelectricphoresis?
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50
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How many types of proteins are in the cell as distinguished by isoelectricphoresis?
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200
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Freeze fracturing
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a technique to separate inner and outer membranes (-196 degrees C) creating 4 membranes that can be studied
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Lectins
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Plant proteins that only bind to carbohydrate portion of glycoproteins and glycolipids
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Canth amoeba
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LAcks glycoproteins and was used to determine the location of glycolipids by freeze fracturing
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What are the four factors of lipid movement?
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Length of fatty acid chains
Amount of saturation of hydrocarbon chain Presence of integral proteins Degree of packing |
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The (longer/shorter) the fatty acid chain the slower the movement of lipids
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Longer
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The (less/more) saturated the lipids in the cell membrane the less it moves
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More
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Nonmotile proteins
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Proteins bound up in cytoskeleton
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Ankyrin and Band 4.1
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common in arthyrocytes, bound to actin and spectrin to form mesh arrangement
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Integral proteins
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Form complexes with periferal proteins which limit movement
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Lipid rich area
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An area where there are no proteins in the cell membrane
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Channel protein
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Form aqueous channels for soluble molecules
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Carrier protein
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Binds to molecules and move it across membrane (concentration and charge pending)
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Gated pores
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change shape with proper stimulus
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Ionophores
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small hydrophobic lipid soluble molecules that can combine with and mask charges on particles
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How can you distinguish mobile ion carriers and channel forming carriers?
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At 0 degrees C, mobile ion carriers will stop working
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What are two types of ionophores and what are an example of each?
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Mobile ion carriers-Valinomyocin
Channel forming carriers-Garmicidin A |
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How is Valinomyocin able to cross the cell membrane?
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Valinomyocin has six negative charges and attaches to six positive K+ so it can move across the membrane
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What is a channel forming carrier?
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linear polypeptide with hydrophobic side that forms a channel with monovalent cations
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Human eye has __#__ micron resolution
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200
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Modern microscopes have __#___ micron resolution
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.2
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Electron microscopes have __#__ micron resolution
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.001
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The (larger/smaller) the object, the greater the relative surface area to volume
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Smaller
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Z + H Janssen
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developed first microscope
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Robert Hooke
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observed first cell
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Shlieden and Schwann
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created Cell Theory
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Virchow
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said "All cells come from pre-existing cells"
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Hurtwig
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said nuclear fission was required for an egg to develop
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Parthogenesis
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Eggs develop without sperm; haploid lineage
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Greggor Mendel
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did hereditary work
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Walker Sutton
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created "Chromosome Theory of Inheritance" which states that factors that control heredity were located on chromosomes within nucleus
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DNA is composed of ________
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Sugar and Phosphate backbone
Nitrogenous bases |
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Watson and Crick
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discovered structure of DNA by stealing photos
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Rossilyn Franklin
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micro-photo expert who had her micrographs stolen by Watson and Cricl
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Wohler
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said that organic compounds could be produced from inorganic compounds
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Louis Pasteur
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yeast cells convert sugar to alcohol by fermentation
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Hans and Edward Buchner
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Yeast cells weren't needed; just the chemical extracts
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What are teh three components of cell bio
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Cytology
Biochemistry Genetics |
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Ionic bond
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Atom gives an e- to another; both atoms become neutral
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Covalent bond
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sharing of e-
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Hydrogen bond
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Weak bonds created by opposing charges attracting; holds H20 together
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VOW force
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nonspecific weak bonds formed at low temperatures
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Look at Fisher Projections
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Fisher Projections
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4 Organic macromolecules
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Carbs
Proteins Nucleic acids Lipids |
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Which one of these does not belong? Why?
Carbs Proteins Nucleic acids Lipids |
Lipids
Not a polymer |
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What is the general monosaccharide formula, which is based upon the number of carbons present?
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CH2O
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What are the two forms of monosaccharide?
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D and L
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Glycosidic bond
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H20 is made then the remaining O is shared
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1, 4 bond
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The beta bond made between two monomers
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(Alpha/Beta) glycosidic bonds are more difficult to break
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Beta
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Metabolic bonds are held together by (alpha/beta) glycosidic bonds
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Alpha
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Structural saccharides are held together by (alpha/beta) glycosidic bonds
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Beta
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What is the general polysaccharide formula?
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C6H10O5
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What are three examples of branched polysaccharides?
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Sucrose
Lactose Maltose |
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What are the two types of sugars in nucleic acids?
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Ribose
Deoxyribose |
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Two categories of Nitrogenous Base
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Purines
Pyrimedines |
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What are two purines
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Adenine
Guanine |
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What are two pyrimidines?
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Thymine
Cytosine Uracil |
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Velonia
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single cell algae
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Nucleic acids make bonds between (A) and (B)
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A-hydroxyl group
B-phosphate group |
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Average gene for a particular protein is (#) nucleotides long
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500
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What is Chargaff's Rule?
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The number of adenines in a nucleic acid equals the number of thymines, cytosines = guanines (Base complementary)
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What happens if a mismatch of nitrogenous bases is made?
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Enzymes can replace mismatched bases with teh correct one to help fight mutations
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At what temperature does DNA denature?
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100 degrees C
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The 3 ' end of DNA is ________
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hydroxyl
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The 5' end of DNA is _______
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Phosphoryl
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