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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Binary Fission |
The process in which chromosomes are replicated in bacteria. |
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Mitotic Cell Division |
a process used by eukaryotes to replicate cells with mitosis. |
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How many chromosomes are in a typical bacterial cell? |
1-2 |
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How many chromosomes are there in a typical eukaryotic cell |
it changes with each organism. |
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How many autosomal chromosomes are in a human cell? |
44 |
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How many chromosomes are in a regular human cell? |
46 |
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How many sex-linked chromosomes are in a regular human cell? |
2 |
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How many chromosomes are in a haploid cell? |
23 |
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How many chromosomes are in a diploid cell? |
46 |
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What are the exception to the fact that all human cells have 46 chromosomes? |
Germ-lined cells. AKA gametes |
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Homologous Chromosomes |
The combination of the maternal and paternal chromosomes. So there are 23 that come from each parent. |
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Chromsomes are numbered how? |
1-22 and then the sex-linked chromosome |
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Chromatid |
Chromatid is merely one half of a full chromosome. It's the two sides of a replicated chromosome. |
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What is the G1 phase? |
Part of interphase. Happens between cytokinesis and DNA synthesis. Longest phase. |
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What is the S phase? |
Second part of interphase. Synthesis phase where the cell creates an identical double of the genome. |
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What is G2 phase? |
Second growth phase in Interphase. Done in preparation for the separation of genome and starts the process of mitosis. |
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What is M-phase? |
This is the process of Mitosis and Cytokinesis. Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis. This is the process of the formation of the mitotic symbols. They are then used to pull the chromosome into the middle and then pulled apart to either pole of the cell. Then the nuclear envelope reforms then the cell fully divides into two different cells. |
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What happens to DNA during S-phase? |
It is fully replicated so that there is double the amount of chromosomes in a single cell. |
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Cohesion protein |
Cohesin proteins are meant to hold centromeres together. |
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Kinetochore |
Kinetochore is meant as an attachment place for microtubules that are needed for the steps of separating chromosomes during cell division. |
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What is the function of meiosis |
The function of meiosis is to control the number of chromosomes in a Cell. It is also meant to divide the chromosomes of a paternal homologues and a maternal homolog to combine them into a single entity and divide them by 4 to get for individual gametes none of which are the same |
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Where does meiosis occur in the human male and a human female? |
It happens in the germline cells ie the testes and the uterus. |
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What is another symbol for haploid and what does it mean to be haploid? |
Haploid is 1 n and it means the number of individual chromosomes is half |
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What is diploid and what does it mean in terms of a symbol |
Diploid is 2N and it means the total number of chromosomes in a Cell which is twice the haploid number because they are pairs. |
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What is the chiasmata? |
During the process of crossing over there are four chromatids during metaphase that actually cross over the tops of each other. When this happens they are held together by cohesion proteins and they exchange material during the crossover so their chromatids won't be identical to those of their parents. |
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What is an Allele? |
An allele is one of two or more different states of a specific gene? |
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What is a gene? |
A gene is a basic unit of a sequence of DNA on a chromosome. It codes for a specific protein and an allele is a subset of said gene. |
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What is a Genotype? |
A genotype is the complete set of alleles that an individual has. Building Blocks |
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What is a phenotype? |
While a phenotype is the term used to focus on the expressed alleles. They are the alleles we can see. Visible Outcome |
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Homozygous |
When two haploid gametes with the same allele combine during fertilization, like bb or BB. |
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Heterozygous |
When two haploid gametes have two differing alleles, such as Bb |
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What is multiple Allele Inheritance? |
When a gene has more than two allele options |
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What is Polygenic Inheritance? |
Determining a specific characteristic via multiple genes which all have a minor effect on the whole. |
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Law of Segregation |
Where two alleles for a gene separate during the formation of a gamete and are then joined again at random, one from each parent. |
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Law of Independent Assortment |
the separation of different allele pairs is independent and based on the process of meiosis. |
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How many pairs of autosomes are in a human somatic cell nucleus? |
22 |
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How many sex chromosomes are in a human somatic cell nucleus? |
2 |
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How many autosomes are in a human somatic cell nucleus? |
44 |
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How many sex chromosomes are in a human gamete? |
1 |
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Sex-linkage |
A trait determined by a gene on the X chromosome and thus associated with the sex of the organism. |
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Aneuploidy |
the failure of homologues to separate properly during meiosis (nondisjunction) leads to the gain or loss of a chromosome |
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Triploidy |
When an individual possesses three sets of chromosomes |
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Non-disjunction |
The failure of homologues to separate during mitosis or meiosis resulting in an aneuploidy cell or gamete. |
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Mutation |
A permanent change in a cell's DNA because of nucleotide sequence, alteration of gene position, gene loss or duplication, and insertion of foreign sequences. |
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What is an example of a genetic disease? |
Cystic Fibrosis Hemophilia Sickle Cell Anemia etc |
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Two methods to detect genetic defects during pregnancy? |
Chorionic Villi Sampling Amniocentesis |
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What are the three parts of a nucleotide? |
Ribose Sugar, Phosphate group, Nitrogenous Base. |
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What are the four types of nitrogenous bases? |
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine |
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Before they knew what carried genetic material, what did they think it was? |
DNA and Protein combined. |
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How many Hydrogen bonds form between G and C? |
3 |
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How many Hydrogen bonds form between A and T? |
2 |
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What is the name of the enzyme that unwinds the DNA |
Helicase uses ATP to unwind them |
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What is the function of an RNA primer? |
its a shirt nucleic acid strand that acts as a starting point. DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to an existing strand of DNA. |
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What is the name of the enzyme that makes RNA primer? |
DNA Primase |
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During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated? |
S phase within Interphase |
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Lagging strand |
The replicating DNA that is created in pieces with the RNA primer. The fragments are Okasaki Fragments. The strand that goes from 3' to 5' |
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Leading strand |
The strand that goes from 5' to 3'. It is a solid line of DNA. |
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Lygase |
Is required to connect the Okasaki fragments to make a whole strand of DNA. |
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True or false? When a new molecule of DNA is made, the new molecule has only brand new DNA strands. |
False - I contains one parent strand and one new strand. |
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What does it mean to say that DNA replication is Semi-conservative? |
It means that one strand of the DNA remains in tact in the daughter strands. A new Identical strand is built for each parental strand. Daughter strands would have one parental strand and one new strand. |
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Which two parts of the DNA is involved in Linkage? |
Phosphates and Sugar. |
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Phosphodiester bond |
Bond between sugars and phosphates that connect strands of DNA together |
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Erwin chargoff |
Found the consistency of Base ratios of Any Given species in DNA in other words a and t had a similar percentage and g&c had a similar percentage |
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Rosalind Franklin |
X-ray diffraction photo of DNA point to double helical structure |
