Cell Bio Lab Apoptosis And Necrosis

Front 1

what is apoptosis

Back 1

programmed cell death

Front 2

cell die in response to a variety of stimuli and during apoptosis they do so in a __,__ ___

Back 2

controlled, regulated fashion

Front 3

describe they other form of cell death called necrosis

Back 3

uncontrolled cell death leads to lyses of cells, inflammatory responses and, potentially serous heath problems

Front 4

apoptosis is a process in which

Back 4

cells play an active role in their own death

Front 5

a family is proteins know as ___ are typically activated in the early stages of apoptosis

Back 5

caspases

Front 6

what do caspases do?

Back 6

breakdown or cleave key cellular components that are required for normal cellular function including:
structural proteins in the cytoskeleton and nuclear proteins such as DNA repair enzymes

what do caspases also activate

Hint 6

other degradative enzymes such as DNases, which begin to cleave the DNA in the nucleus

Front 7

During apoptosis, the cell begins to shrink following the cleavage of ____and ____

Back 7

lamins and actin filaments in the cytoskeleton

Front 8

the breakdown of chromatin in the nucleus often leads to _____

Back 8

nuclear condensation

Front 9

there are a number of mechanisms through which apoptosis can be induced in cells. the sensitivity of cells to any of these stimuli can vary depending on a number of factors such as :

Back 9

1. the expression of pro and anti apoptotic proteins (eg the Bcl 2 proteins or the Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins)
2. the severity of the stimulus
3. the stage of the cell cycle

Front 10

in some cases the apoptotic stimuli comprise comprise extrinsic signals such as the binding of death inducing ligands to cell surface receptors called ________

Back 10

death receptors

Front 11

binding of death inducing ligands can either be soluble factors or can be expressed on the surface of cells such as

Back 11

cytotocxic T lymphocytes

Front 12

when do cytotoxic t lymphocytes bind , t cells recognize _____ or ____ cells to initiate apoptosis in order to prevent damaged cells from becoming cancerous () or virus infected cells from spreading the infection

Back 12

damaged or virus infected
neoplastic

Front 13

apoptosis can also be induced by cytotoxic t lymphocytes using the enzyme

Back 13

granzyme

Front 14

in some cases apoptosis can be initiated following intrinsic signals that are produced following

Back 14

cellular stress

Front 15

cellular stress can may occur from exposure to

Back 15

radiation or chemicals or to viral infection

Front 16

in general intrinsic signals initiate apoptosis via the involvement of the

Back 16

mitochondria

Front 17

the relative ratios of the various bcl 2 proteins can often determine how much

Back 17

cellular stress is necessary to induce apoptosis

Front 18

what is necrosis

Back 18

the premature death of cells and living tissues

Front 19

cells which die due to necrosis DO NOT send the same chemical signals to the immune system that cells undergoing apoptosis do. what does this prevent ?

Back 19

this prevents nearby PHAGOCYTES from locating and engulfing the dead cells leading the the build up of dead tissue and cell debris at or near the site of the cell death

(for this reason it is often necessary to remove necrotic tissue surgically )

Front 20

necrosis is caused by external factors such as

Back 20

infection toxins or trauma

Front 21

____is caused by external factors such as infection toxins or trauma this is in contrast to ___which is naturally occuring cause of cellular death

Back 21

necrosis
apoptosis

Front 22

excessive apoptosis causes
such as

where as insufficient amount results in uncontrolled

Back 22

hypotrophy ischemic damage

cell proliferation such a cancer

Front 23

____allows fluorescent detection of annexin V bound to apoptotic cells and quantitative determination by flow cytometry

Back 23

annexin v fit c kit

Front 24

the annexin v fit c kit uses ___with ____to label ___on the membrane surface

Back 24

annexin V conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyante FITC to label phosphatidylserine sites

Front 25

THe annexin V FITC kit includes ____to label the cellular DNA in necrotic cells where the cell membrane has been totally compromised

Back 25

propidium iodide PI

Front 26

differentiation among
apoptotic cells which are

Back 26

annexin V positive PI negative

Front 27

differentiation among
necrotic cells which are

Back 27

annexin positive and PI positive

Front 28

differentiation of
viable cells which is

Back 28

annexin v negative PI negative