Cell Bio Final Exam Vocab Chapter 2

Front 1

Hydrophilic

Back 1

molecules readily soluble in water;
water-loving

Front 2

Hydrophobic

Back 2

molecules poorly soluble in water;
water-fearing

Front 3

Glycosidic bond

Back 3

connects monosaccharides into dimers and trimers

Front 4

Oligosaccharides

Back 4

a short polymer of only a few sugars

Front 5

Polysaccharides

Back 5

a polymer containg up to millions of nucleotides

Front 6

Glyceraldehyde

Back 6

triose
intermediate in glycolysis

Front 7

Dihyroxyacetone

Back 7

triose
intermediate in glycolysis

Front 8

Ribose

Back 8

pentose
RNA

Front 9

2'deoxyribose

Back 9

pentose
DNA

Front 10

Glucose

Back 10

hexose

Front 11

Fructose

Back 11

hexose

Front 12

Lactose

Back 12

disaccharides
mammals
milk sugar

Front 13

Maltose

Back 13

dissacharide

Front 14

Sucrose

Back 14

disaccharide

Front 15

Cellubiose

Back 15

disaccharide
breakdown product of cellulose

Front 16

Glycogen

Back 16

polysaccharide
animal energy storage

Front 17

Starch

Back 17

polysaccharide
plant energy storage

Front 18

Cellulose

Back 18

polysaccharide
plant structural fiber

Front 19

Functions of Carbohydrates

Back 19

energy source
energy storage molecule
structural components
cell signaling molecules
cell to cell recognition

Front 20

Lipids

Back 20

water-insoluble molecules
nonpolar
hydrophobic
soluble in weakly polar or non polar sovents

Front 21

Phospholipid

Back 21

glycerol
polar head groups
two nonpolar tails

Front 22

Amphipathic

Back 22

molecule with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

Front 23

Phosphatidic acid

Back 23

glycerol+phosphate+2 fatty acids

Front 24

Phosphatidlyethanolamine

Back 24

glycerol+phosphate+2 fatty acids+ethanolamine

Front 25

Phosphatidlycholine

Back 25

glycerol+phosphate+2 fatty acids+choline

Front 26

Phosphatidlyserine

Back 26

glycerol+phosphate+2 fatty acids+serine

Front 27

Phosphatidlylinositol

Back 27

glycerol+phosphate+2 fatty acids+inositol

Front 28

Sphingomyelin

Back 28

serine+phosphate+two fatty acids+choline

Front 29

Fatty acid

Back 29

hydrocarbon chain containing 16 to 18 carbons and a carboxyl group (acid group)

Front 30

Saturated fatty acid

Back 30

hydrocarbon chain contains no double bonds

Front 31

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Back 31

hydrocarbon chain with one or mroe double bonds

Front 32

Palmitate

Back 32

saturate 16 carbon fatty acid

Front 33

Stearate

Back 33

saturated 18 carbon fatty acid

Front 34

Oleate

Back 34

unsaturated 18 carbon fatty acid with double bond between Carbon 9 and 10

Front 35

Glycolipids

Back 35

serine with 2 fatty acids
component of cell membranes

Front 36

Triacylglycerol

Back 36

glycerol with 3 fatty acids;
accumulate as fat droplets in cytoplasm
energy storge molecule;

Front 37

Sterols

Back 37

multi-ring, nonpolar structure with a hydroxyl;
component of cell membrane;
precursors to steroid hormones

Front 38

Steroid hormones

Back 38

serve to transmit signals througout the body

Front 39

Functions of lipids

Back 39

make up cell membranes;
energy storage;
contribute to cell signaling by making steroid hormones

Front 40

Nucleic Acids

Back 40

linear, non-branched polymers of nucleotides

Front 41

RNA

Back 41

ribonucleic acid

Front 42

DNA

Back 42

2'deoxyribosenucleic acid

Front 43

Nucleotide

Back 43

pentose sugar+phosphate groups+flat, heterocyclic, nitrogenous bases

Front 44

Purine bases

Back 44

double ring;
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)

Front 45

Pyrimidine bases

Back 45

single ring;
Cytosine (C)
Thamine (T) DNA only
Uracil (U) RNA only

Front 46

Primary Structure

Back 46

linear sequence of amino acids

Front 47

Secondary Structure

Back 47

hydrogen bonding between the carboxyl oxygen and nitrogen hydrogen of the peptide chain; contains alpha helix and beta sheets

Front 48

Tertiary Structure

Back 48

folding of polypeptide chain as a result of interactions between R-groups

Front 49

Quaternary Structure

Back 49

interaction of different polypeptide chains to form a functional protein

Front 50

Functions of Proteins

Back 50

enzymatic catalsis;
transport and storage;
mechanical support;
coordinate motion;
generate and transmission of nerve impulses;
control of growth and differentiation;
immune protection

Front 51

Catalysts

Back 51

increase reaction rates;
lower the energy of activation by aiding the formation of the transition state; do not change the equilibrium of the reaction; are not consumed or permanently altered by the reaction

Front 52

Active site

Back 52

the physical location of binding of the substrate and the site of chemical reation

Front 53

Δ G < 0

Back 53

reaction is spontaneous and proceeds as written; exergonic

Front 54

Δ G > 0

Back 54

reaction will not proceed as written; spontaneously proceeds in reverse order; endergonic

Front 55

Exergonic

Back 55

energy is given off

Front 56

Endergonic

Back 56

Energy is taken in or required

Front 57

Chymotrypsin

Back 57

breaks the peptide bond of a protein next to the amino aicds W and P;
serine protease;
active site contatins catalytically active amino acids: his57, asp102, and ser195

Front 58

Coenzyme

Back 58

low molecular weight organic molecule, loosely bound to a protein

Front 59

Prosthetic group

Back 59

small organic molecule, usually covalently bound to the enzyme

Front 60

Cofactor

Back 60

small organic or inorganic molecule that attaches to an enzyme

Front 61

Metabolism

Back 61

all chemical reactions in the cell

Front 62

Catabolism

Back 62

metabolic reaction that oxidizes organic compunds to provide energy

Front 63

Anabolism

Back 63

metabolic reaction involved in synthesis of biomolecules from simple precursors

Front 64

Kinase

Back 64

transfer of a phosphate group from one molecule(ATP) to another molecule

Front 65

Isomerase

Back 65

converts molecule to another isomer;
rearranges atoms in the molecule without loss or gain of atoms

Front 66

Mutase

Back 66

shifts phosphate groups from one carbon to another carbon in the SAME molecule

Front 67

Dehydrogenase

Back 67

involves NADH or FADH;
oxidation/reduction reaction

Front 68

Aldolase

Back 68

cleaves C-C bond

Front 69

Where does glycolysis occur?

Back 69

in the cytosol

Front 70

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

Back 70

mitochondria

Front 71

Where does citric acid cycle or Kreb's cycle occur?

Back 71

mitochondria

Front 72

Where does the electron transfer chain occur?

Back 72

in the mitochondria inner membrane

Front 73

Where does the catabolism of fatty acids occur?

Back 73

in the matrix of the mitochondria

Front 74

Glycogenesis

Back 74

production of free sugar by liver for export to blood;
synthesis of sugar from nonsugar

Front 75

Where does translation occurr?

Back 75

In cytoplasm

Front 76

Integral membrane proteins

Back 76

transmembrane;
span the lipid bilayer

Front 77

Peripheral membrane proteins

Back 77

attached to one side of membrane