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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How big is a Microtubule? |
25nm |
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How big is an Actin |
7-8nm |
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How big is an Intermediate Filament |
10 nm |
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What are the basic units of Microtubules? |
Alpha and Beta tubulin |
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What is the size of an alpha or beta tubulin monomer? |
55kDa |
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How many of these molecules are polar? Microtubules, Actin, IF |
2 (Actin and Microtubules) |
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How many protofilaments make up a Singlet, Doublet and Triplet? |
(13, 23 and 33) |
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What are the two types of microtubules? |
Cytoplasmic and Axonemal |
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What are the three types of MTOC and when are they present? |
Centrosome: During normal cell life Spindle pore: Mitotic Basal Bodies: Axonemal organizational centre |
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Which end of a Microtubule is attached to the centre? |
The minus end (The alpha tubulin) |
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What is the protein responsible for creating the nucleating centre in microtubules |
Gamma Tubulin |
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What is the protein that assists in microtubule growth? |
Augmin |
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Mother centriole is what structure? (Singlet, Doublet, Triplet) |
Triplet (Most stable) |
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In order for Beta tubulin to form a dimer it is required to be bound to what NTP? |
GTP |
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What is the Critical concentration in regards to Microtubules |
When the concentration of Alpha and Beta dimers is high enough that dimerization occurs |
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What are the 4 stage of Microtubule dynamic growth? |
Assembly: Cc has been reached Catastrophe: Dimer concentration is too low Disassembly: Microtubule begins to shrink Rescue: Cc has been reached again |
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What is the function of Colchicine? |
Causes depolymerization of Microtubules |
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What is the function of taxol? |
Causes stabilization of microtubules? |
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What is the function of a Map protein? |
Alters the stability of Microtubules Adds distance between microtubules |
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Tau is an example of which type of protein? |
Map |
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What is the function of Stathmin? |
Increases the speed of Beta subunit hydrolization (Increases depolymerization speed) |
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What is kinesin? |
A motor proein that is plus end directed? |
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What is the function of Kinesin 1 and 2? |
Regular cargo movement |
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What is the function of Kinesin 5? |
Microtubule Sliding |
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What is the function os Kinesin 13? |
Rips the dimers off of the microtubule and pushes depolymerization |
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How big is a kinesin step? |
16nm |
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What is Dynein? |
Motor protein that move towards the minus end |
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What is the sturcture of Cilia and Flagella? |
9 doublet outer ring and 2 signlet inner ring |
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What is the function of Nexin? |
Binds doublets together |
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What is the function of axonemal dynein? |
Protein that is bound to the A domain and is reaching for B domain on neighbouring protofilament |
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What is the significance of the number of triplet in a basal body? |
The branching microtubules will have the same number of doublets |
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What is the function of non-motile cilium? |
Acts as a an embryonic signal |
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What is the function of interphase microtubules? |
Microtubules are used for transport |
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What is the fate of centrosomes in Mitosis? |
Centrosomes replicate and become spindle pores |
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What are the 3 types of mitotic Microtubules? |
Polar MT Kinetochore MT Aster MT |
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What is a Polar Microtubule? |
A microtubule that was reaching for a chromosome but missed |
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What is a kinetochore microtubule |
A microtubule that has made a connection with a kineotchore |
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What is an aster microtubule? |
Microtubules that grow in directions other then the kinetochores or spindle pores |
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What side of a microtubule binds with a kinetochore? |
The plus end |
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What 2 proteins are needed for chromosome alignment? |
1 minus end motor protein (Probably a dynein) 1 plus end motor protein (Kinesin) |
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What is the function of NDC80? |
Stabilizes MT to kinetochore for a short period of time |
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What is the effect of tension on NDC80? |
Signals that two MT are attached to the kinetochores and holds it stable |
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Which phase of Anaphase does the chromosomes move closer to the spindle pores? |
Anaphase A |
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What phase of Anaphase do the poles move further apart? |
Anaphase B |
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Which Kinesin is a "Major player" in Anaphase B? |
Kinesin 5 |
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What is the function of Microtubules? |
Cargo movement Karyokinesis Axoneme bending |
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What is the function of Actin/Microfilaments |
Provides structure Cell migration |
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What Myosin is responsible for stabilizing actin? |
S1 myosin |
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What is the base unit of actin |
G- actin |
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What NTP binds to G-actin for it to be active? |
ATP |
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Actin has preferential growth at which end? |
The plus end |
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G- actin forms what structure before starting growth? |
Nucleus or nucleating structure |
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What is steady state growth? |
A theoretical growth state Critical concentration of active G-Actin is present No new monomers are bing added Every time one molecule is added another is removed |
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What is the critical concentration of the plus end of actin? |
.12µM |
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What is the critical concentration of the minus end of actin? |
.6µM |
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When the G-protein concentration is above the critical concentration of .6µM actin is undergoing what process? |
Polymerization |
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When G-actin concentration is under the critical concentration of .12µM the actin is undergoing what process |
Depolymerization |
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When the G-actin concentration is between .6µM and .12µM what is process is occurring? |
Treadmilling |
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What is the function of Thymosin? |
Block Actin from being able to polymerize |
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What is the function of Profilin |
Assists in transfer of GDP to GTP in G-Actin |
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What is the function of Cofilin? |
Depolymerizes both ends of an Actin molecule (Similar to kinesin 13) |
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What is the function of a CapZ protein |
Stabilizes the plus end of an actin molecule |
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What is the function of Tropomodulin |
Stabilizes the minus end of an actin molecule |
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What is the function of formin |
Increases the speed of polymerization of the plus end in actin |
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What is the function of Arp2/3 |
Creates branch points in Actin |
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What is the role of actin in phagocytosis |
Actin binds to the Plasma membrane and pulls on it to help bring molecules into the cell |
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What is the function of Alpha actin and Fibrin? |
Ties actin bundle together |
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What is the function of Spectin and Filamin |
Creates complex networks of actin |
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What is the function of Dystrophin? |
Links membrane proteins to actin in muscle cells |
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What is the function on Ankrin? |
Binds actin to molecules like spectrin |
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What is a myosin protein? |
A motor protein |
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What is the function of Myosin 2? |
Used in actin sliding |
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What is the function of Myosin 1 |
Binds to membranes and allows endocytosis to occur |
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What is the function of Myosin 5? |
Responsible for cargo transport |
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How large is a Myosin step? |
72nm step |
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What are the steps in myosin movement? |
Step 1: Myosin is bound to actin (No ATP present) Step 2: ATP binds to Myosin (Myosin releases actin) Step 3: ATP hydrolysis occurs ( Power stroke occurs) Step 4: Myosin head binds further down the actin |
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What is the function of the Z band? |
Hold actin molecule in place in a saromere |
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Describe the significant feature of the I band? |
Area in the sarcomere with no myosin
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What is the name of the region in a sarcomere with the myosin thick filamnt |
A band |
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Titin hold myosin in place in what structure? |
Sacromere |
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Tropomyosin is regulated by which ion? |
Calcium |
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Which myosin molecule forms a ring structure in cytokinesis? |
Myosin 2 |
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What myosin molecule hold the cell together during cytokinesis? |
Myosin 1 |
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why does Myosin equate in budding yeast? |
To allow transfer of organelle into the new yeast |
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What is the name of small finger like structures that pushes a cell forward? |
Filapodia |
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What is the name of the large portion of the cell that pushes a cell forward |
Lamelapodia |
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What structure binds a cell to a surface? |
Focal adhesion |
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What structure is between 2 focal adhesions? |
Stress fibre |
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What are the 4 steps of movement? |
Step 1: Extension of cell (Filapodia or lamellipdia) Step 2: Adhesion (New focal Adhesion is formed) Step 3: Translocation (Movement of cell content) Step 4: Endocytic recycling (Old focal adhesion is removed and reused) |
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What is the function of Cdc42? |
Forms actin bundles |
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What is the function of Rac? |
Forms lamellpodia to form |
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What is the function of Rho proteins? |
Creates stress fibres |
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What is the function of IF? |
Cell strength Membrane support |
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What NTP is needed for the function of IF? |
PSYCH TRICK QUESTION BITCH. NO NTP IS NEEDED HAHAHAHA I HOPE I TRICKED YOUR SORRY ASS XOXO -Gossip gurl |
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What is the function of Keratin? |
Holds epithilial cells together When connected to integrin it forms desmosomes |
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What is the function of Desmin? |
Links muscle together |
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What is the function of Vimetin? |
Holds moving cells together |
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What is the function of Lamins? |
Provides space and volume to nucleus |
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What is a Gap junction? |
A small passage between two cells |
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What is the product of 6 connexins? |
A connexon (A channel) |
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What is the product of 2 channels (Made of 6 connexin each) |
A gap junction |
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What is the function of a Tight junction |
A molecule that limits paracellular leakage
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What are the 4 types of adhesion molecules? |
Cadherins Ig- Superfamily Integrins Selectins |
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What are the 2 homophillic adhesion molecules? |
Cadherins and Ig superfam |
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What is the structure name of an IF bound to a cadherin? |
Desmosome |
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What is the structure name of an Actin bond to cadherin? |
Adheren junction |
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What type of molecule does selectin recongizes |
Carbs (Sugars) |
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What adhesion molecule is related to the RGD motif? |
Integrin-ligand |
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What molecule does Alpha1Beta1 bind to? |
Collagen |
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What molecule does Alpha5Beta1? |
Fibronectin |
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What molecule does Alpha6Beta1? |
Laminin |
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What can you do to increases the melting point of a membrane? |
Increase chain length Decrease double bonds |
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What can you do to decreases the melting point of a membrane |
Decreases chain length Increase double bonds |
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What are the 4 properties of biomembranes? |
Fluidity Closed compartments Semi-permeable Asymmetric |
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If 10 fluorescent membrane proteins are bleached and after an acceptable amount of time 7 proteins are fluorescent in the area once again. What is the membrane recovery? (Fluidity) |
70% |
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If a molecule has a charge and is large is it able to pass through a membrane? |
No |
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What are the three types of membrane proteins? |
Integral membrane protein Lipid linked protein Peripheral protein |
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How would a lipid linked protein bind to the extracellular membrane? |
Using an GPI anchor |
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How would a lipid linked protein bind to the cytosolic side of the membrane if it had Gly residue near the N terminal? |
Acylation |
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How would a lipid linked protein bind to the cytosolic side of the membrane if it had Cys residue near the C terminal |
Prenylation |
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What region of a Tail anchored protein is recognized by GET 3? |
The topogenic hydrophobic domain |
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What is the function of GET 2 and 1 |
Uses ATP to put protein into a membrane |
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What type of protein with an N terminal signal sequence that has its N terminal in the extracellular matrix? |
Type 1 |
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What type of protein thats translation starts in the cytosol then due to an SA sequence finishes in the the lumen |
Type 2 |
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What type of protein thats translation starts in the lumen then due to an SA sequence finishes in the the cytosol |
Type 3 |
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What type of protein has multiple inter-membrane domains and starts in the cytosol and ends in the cytosol (Cis start and ending) |
Type 4a |
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What type of protein has multiple inter-membrane domains and starts in the cytosol and ends in the Lumen (Trans start and ending) |
Type 4b |
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What does this formula calculate? K = c^m/c^aq |
Partition coefficient |
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What types of proteins are responsible for transport across the membrane? |
Transporter ATP powered pumps Ion channels |
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How do pores and channels stay molecule specific? |
Size based exclusions and hydrophilic interior channels |
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What effect does the potassium resting channel on the charge of the membranes? |
Creates a negative charge on the cytosolic side of the membrane and a positive charge on the extracellular |
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What type of transport is powered by ATP? |
Primary active transport |
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What type of transport is powered by electronegative gradients? |
Secondary active transport |
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What are the four types of primary transporters? |
P-Class V-Class F-Class ABC |
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Sodium potassium pumps are what class of pump? What is moved across the membrane per ATP? |
P-class 3 sodium out 2 potassium in |
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Who does a calcium pump move per ATP unit? |
2 molecule of calcium out of the cell |
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What are the 2 types of secondary active transporters? |
Symporter and Antiporter |
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When a channel backpacks a second molecule the same direction what type of secondary active transporter is it? |
Symporter |
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When a channel backpacks a second molecule the opposite direction what type of secondary active transporter is it? |
Antiporter |
