Cell Bio - Exam 1 - Cell Bio I

Front 1

part of the cell external to the nucleus, suspends organelles and inclusions

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cytoplasm

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portion of the cytoplasm devoid of organelles and inclusions

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cytoplasmic matrix

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types of cytoplasmic inclusions:

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Stored foods
-Glycogen
-Fat
Pigments
-exogenous pigments
-endogenous pigments

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glycogen: found in, demonstrated by, clinical significance

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-liver and striated muscle cells
-PAS reaction
-glycogen storage diseases

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fat (lipid) droplets: found in, clinical significance

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-adipocytes, hepatocytes, muscle, steroid-secreting cells
-accumulate in lipid storage diseases and fatty liver

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types of exogenous pigments

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-carotene
-inhaled dust (carbon)

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fat-soluble pigment that imparts a yellow-orange color

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carotene

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types of endogenous pigments

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-hemoglobin
-hemosiderin
-bilirubin
-melanin
-lipofuscin

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hemosiderin: composition, color, location, clinical relavance

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-iron containing pigment
-brown color
-found in macrophages in the spleen and liver
-hemosiderosis, hemochromatosis

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hemosiderosis seen in:

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-increased absorption of iron in diet
-impaired use of iron by body
-hemolytic anemias
-transfusions

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types of exogenous pigments

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-carotene
-inhaled dust (carbon)

Front 12

fat-soluble pigment that imparts a yellow-orange color

Back 12

carotene

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types of endogenous pigments

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-hemoglobin
-hemosiderin
-bilirubin
-melanin
-lipofuscin

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hemosiderin: composition, color, location, clinical relavance

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-iron containing pigment
-brown color
-found in macrophages in the spleen and liver
-hemosiderosis, hemochromatosis

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hemosiderosis seen in:

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-increased absorption of iron in diet
-impaired use of iron by body
-hemolytic anemias
-transfusions

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a more severe accumulation of iron due to a genetic defect resulting in excessive iron absorption or transfusion

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hemochromatosis

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bilirubin: composition, clinical significance

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-yellow-brown pigment
-elevated in liver and biliary disease
-skin and sclera appear yellow (jaundice/icterus)

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types of melanin

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-eumelanin
-neuromelanin
-phaeomelanin

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eumelanin: color, location, clinical significance

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-brown-black pigment
-found in membrane-limited granules in epidermis and pigment layer of retina
-increased production in response to UV light
-increased in Addison's disease in response to ACTH
-absent in albinos (tyrosinase)

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neuromelanin: color, location, clinical significance

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-black-brown color
-found in neurons, brain (substantia nigra and locus coeruleus)
-putative neuroprotective function

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paeomelanin: color, location, clinical significance

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-red-yellow pigment
-red hair color
-not protective against UV radiation

Front 22

Lipofuscin: color, location, clinical significance

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-brownish-yellow pigment in an amalgam of lipids, metals, and organic molecules
-accumulates in long lived cells (neurons, cardiac and skeletal muscles)
-accumulation is a measure of cellular stress

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the dynamic organelle that separates the cell's interanal environment from its external environment

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plasmalemma

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lipid bilayer contains which types of lipids:

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-phospholipids
-glycolipids
-cholesterol

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cholesterol function in the lipid bilayer:

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-strenghtens the lipid bilayer and makes it less deformable
-makes it less permeable to small water-soluble molecules

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small areas in membranes where sphingolipids and cholesterol are cheifly concentrated

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lipid raft

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lipid raft function:

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-involved in cell signaling (apoptosis and proliferation)
-thicker and molecularly unique from the rest of the membrane, causing proteins to aggregate

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lipid raft clinical significance

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-some cancer cells have higher cholesterol concentrations->more lipid rafts

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a cholesterol inhibitor that induces apoptosis by reducing raft formation

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simvastatin

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reduction in lipid raft numbers causes:

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downregulation of Akt, cell survival signaling molecule

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types of membrane proteins

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-peripheral
-integral

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protein that can be removed from the plasmalemma with salt solutions

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peripheral

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protein that is either partially embedded or extends the entire thickness of the plasmalemma

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integral

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protein that extends through the entire thickness of the membrane

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transmembrane

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disease that occurs when normal PrP located on the outer surface of the plasmalemma of neurons is converted to an abnormal variant

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Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease

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Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease variant form mode of action:

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-variant forms cross-linked filaments ->resistant to proteolysis
-accelerates conversion of normal PrP to variant form
-normal PrP may have antioxidant function (memory formation?)

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transmembrane protein clinical relevance:

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-beta-amyloid precurson protein in Alzheimer's
-protein aggregate that forms is resistant to proteolysis

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importance of beta-amyloid precursor protein

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-neuronal migration during development
-synaptic formation and repair
-cell signaling
-long-term potentiation of memory
-cell adhesion

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protein causing cancer cells to become resistant to cytotoxic drugs

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multidrug-resistance protein (MDR-1)

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function of MDR-1

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pump cytotoxic agents out of cell (ATP-dependent)

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transports conjugated bilirubin into canaliculi

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MDR-2

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MDR-2 is defective in which disorder

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Dubin-Johnson syndrome

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aquaporin-2 expressed by

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renal collecting tubule cells for water reabsorption

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causes translocation of aquaporin receptors to the the plasma membrane of the collecting tubule cell

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vasopressin

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disease that occurs when both aquaporin-2 genes are inactivated by mutations

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neprogenic diabetes insipidus

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functions of proteins

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-receptors
-transport of chemicals across the cell membrane
-enzymatic control of chem rxns at cells apical domain
-linker proteins for structural support
-cellular identification tags (antigens)
-anchor cell to ECM
-intercellular junction complexes

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example of enzymatic control of chemical reactions on cells apical domain

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digestive enzymes on epithelial cells of small intestine