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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do almost all living things have in common?
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Heredity and metabolic capability
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Origin of life requires:
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o-molecules
polymers(biomolecules) heredity ability to catalyze(enzymes) metabolize cell membrane enclosure |
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Describe the Stanley Miller Experiment
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(formation of organic molecules) water vapor + presumed atmospheric composition + spark = organic molecules including amino acids
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Importance of self-replicating RNA
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only a macromolecule capable of reproduction (self-rep thru comp base pairing) could reproduce and evolve
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Two main attributes of RNA
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Information carrier and catalyst
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Purpose of Cech and Altman experiment
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proved RNA can be both enzymatic and an information carrier
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What does Amphipathic mean
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containing both polar and nonpolar regions
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What do all cells use as a source of metabolic energy?
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ATP
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What are the 3 stages that the ability to generate ATP evolved in?
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1) Glycolysis 2) Photosynthesis 3) oxidative metabolism
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Discuss Glycolysis
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the anaerobic breakdown of glucose that generates 2 ATP molecules and is found in all current day cells so has early origin
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Discuss photosynthesis
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generates glucose from CO2 using sunlight. H20 became major electron donor and byproduct is lots of 02
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Discuss oxidative phosphorylation
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primary mechanism of ATP production, uses 02 as electron acceptor in when generating ATP. 15-19X more ATP than glycolysis
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Archaebacteria
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prevalent in primitive Earth and often live in extreme environments (probably earliest divergence)
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Eubacteria
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most bacteria... wide range of environments
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Cyanobacteria
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largest prokaryote, synthesizes energy from photosynthesis
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composition of cell wall
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polysaccharides and peptides
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Where is prokaryotic DNA located
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single stranded, circular, in nucleoid
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where does oxidative metabolism occur in eukaryotic cells?
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in the mitochondria
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Where is photosynthesis carried out?
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in chloroplasts (plants and green algae)
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What do lysosomes do?
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provide a specialized metabolic compartments for the digestion of macromolecules (think lysis)
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peroxisomes
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perform various oxidative rxns
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vacuoles
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digestion, storage of waste and nutrients
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Endoplasmic reticulum
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network of intracellular membranes; process and transport of proteins and synthesis of lipids
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Golgi apparatus
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sorts and transports proteins for secretion. lipid synthesis and cell wall synthesis
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cytoskeleton
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structural framework of eukaryotic cell. movement of entire cells and intracellular transport
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What is one proposal for the origin of the eukaryotic genome?
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fusion of archaebacherial and eubacterial genomes
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What makes E. coli useful for study?
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4300 genes, simple, divide often, colonies easy to isolate
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What makes Yeasts useful for study?
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most simple eukaryote
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C. elegans
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nematode that is a relatively simple multicellular organism. easily grown and subjected to genetic manipulations
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3 functions of carbohydrates
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1. stored chem energy
2. structural support 3. recognition points in cell adhesion and protein binding |
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monosaccharides
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carb monomers, polyhydroxyl aldehydes or ketones
(pentose, hexose) |
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disaccharides
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2 monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond (maltose, lactose, sucrose)
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