Cell And Molecular Fall 2013

Front 1

biofilm

Back 1

complex, multispecies community

Front 2

conjugation

Back 2

in prokaryotes, a piece of DNA is passed from one cell to another

Front 3

Golgi complexes

Back 3

where materials are sorted, modified, and transported to specific cellular destinations in eukaryotic cells

Front 4

endoplasmic reticulum

Back 4

where many of the cells proteins and lipids are manufactured in eukaryotic cells

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mitochondria

Back 5

where chemical energy is made available to fuel cellular activities in eukaryotic cells

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nucleus

Back 6

membrane-bound organelle that contains a eukaryotic cell's genetic material

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nucleoid

Back 7

the genetic material of prokaryotic cells; a poorly demarcated region of the cell that lacks a boundary membrane to separate it from the surrounding cytoplasm

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metabolism

Back 8

the sum total of the chemical reactions in a cell

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in vitro

Back 9

to culture outside the body

Front 10

Rudolf Virchow

Back 10

who made a convincing case for the 3rd tenet of the cell theory?
cells can arise only by division from a preexisting cell

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Schwann

Back 11

who concluded that cells of plants and animals are similar in structure and proposed these 2 tenets of the cell theory?
-all organisms are composed of 1 or more cells
-the cell is the structural unit of life

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Matthias Schleiden

Back 12

botanist that concluded plants were made of cells and that plant embryos arose from a single cell

Front 13

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Back 13

who spent his spare time grinding lenses and constructing simple microscopes of remarkable quality? Discovered animalcules in a drop of pond water and 1st to describe bacteria

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Robert Hooke

Back 14

the discovery of cells is generally credited to which scientist?

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microscope

Back 15

an instrument that provides a magnified image of a tiny object

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yeast
protozoa
algae

Back 16

name the unicellular eukaryotes

Front 17

yeast

Back 17

which is the simplest unicellular eukaryote

Front 18

20,000-30,000

Back 18

how many genes do humans have

Front 19

1. eukaryotes
2. prokaryotes

Back 19

___1______have many chromosomes made of both DNA and proteins, whereas __2___ have a single chromosome and few have circular DNA

Front 20

1. eukaryotes
2. prokaryotes

Back 20

__1___ have much more genetic material than ___2___

Front 21

prokaryote

Back 21

prokaryote or eukaryote?

nucleoid region with 600,000- 8million based pairs which encode 500-1000's of proteins

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eukaryote

Back 22

prokaryote or eukaryote?

sexual reproduction requiring meiosis and fertilization

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eukaryote

Back 23

prokaryote or eukaryote?

presence of 3 different RNA synthesizing enzymes (RNA polymerases)

Front 24

prokaryote

Back 24

prokaryote or eukaryote?

cell division by binary fission

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eukaryote

Back 25

prokaryote or eukaryote?

presence of 2 copies of genes per cell, one from each parent

Front 26

eukaryote

Back 26

prokaryote or eukaryote?

cell division using a microtubule-containing mitotic spindle that separates chromosomes

Front 27

eukaryotes (in plants)

Back 27

prokaryote or eukaryote?

cellulose-containing cell walls

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eukaryote

Back 28

prokaryote or eukaryote?

ability to ingest fluid and particulate material by enclosure with in plasma membrane vesicles

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eukaryote

Back 29

prokaryote or eukaryote?

complex flagella and cilia

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eukaryote

Back 30

prokaryote or eukaryote?

complex cytoskeletal system and associated motor proteins

Front 31

eukaryote (mitochondria and chloroplasts)

Back 31

prokaryote or eukaryote?

specialized cytoplasmic organelles for aerobic respiration and photosynthesis

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eukaryote

Back 32

prokaryote or eukaryote?

complex membranous cytoplasmic organelles

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eukaryote

Back 33

prokaryote or eukaryote?

complex chromosomes composed of DNA and associated proteins that are capable of compacting into mitotic structures

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eukaryote

Back 34

prokaryote or eukaryote?

division of cells into nucleus and cytoplasm, separated by a nuclear envelope containing complex pore structures

Front 35

both
(archaebacteria and eukaryotes)

Back 35

prokaryote or eukaryote?

have proteasomes

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both

Back 36

prokaryote and eukaryote?

mechanism for synthesizing and inserting membrane proteins

Front 37

both
(cyanobacteria and green plants)

Back 37

prokaryote and eukaryote?

have mechanism of photosynthesis

Front 38

eukaryote

Back 38

prokaryote or eukaryote?

apparatus for conservation of chemical energy as ATP in the mitochondrial membrane

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prokaryote

Back 39

prokaryote or eukaryote?

apparatus for conservation of chemical energy as ATP in plasma membrane

Front 40

both

Back 40

prokaryote or eukaryote?

shared metabolic pathways (eg. glycolysis and TCA cycle)

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both

Back 41

prokaryote or eukaryote?

mechanisms for transcription and translation of genetic information, including ribosomes

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both

Back 42

prokaryote or eukaryote?

genetic information encoded in DNA using identical genetic code

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both

Back 43

prokaryote or eukaryote?

plasma membrane of similar construction

Front 44

cell theory

Back 44

________ was articulated in the mid-1800's by Schleiden, Schwann and virchow

Front 45

the Royal Society of London
1660

Back 45

what is the oldest science society?
what year was it founded?

Front 46

glial cells

Back 46

supportive cells of the brain

Front 47

stem cells

Back 47

cells situated I various tissues of the body that constitue a reserve population capable of giving rise to the various cells of that tissue.
can be defined as undifferentiated cells capable of 1. self renewal and 2. differentiation into 2 or more mature cell types

Front 48

hematopoietic stem cells

Back 48

cells that are situated primarily in bone marrow that are capable of both self-renewal and of giving rise to all types of blood cells

Front 49

J Craig Venter
2007

Back 49

who, with his colleagues, replaced the genome of one bacterium with a genome from a closely related species, effectively transforming one species into another? and in what year?

Front 50

synthetic biology

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to create some minimal type of living cell in the lab, from "scratch"

Front 51

micrometer is 10-6 of a meter
and nanometer is 10-9 of a meter

angstrom

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2 units of linear measure most commonly used to describe structures within a cell and how do they compare to a meter?
What is 1/10 of a nanometer?

Front 52

model organisms

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organisms that have been widely used for research so that a great deal is known about their biology. these organisms have properties that have made them excellent research subjects

Front 53

differentiation

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process through which unspecialized cells become more complex and specialize in structure and function

Front 54

nitrogen fixation

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the conversion of nitrogen gas into reduced forms of nitrogen that can be used by cells in the synthesis of nitrogen-containing compounds, including amino acids and nucleotides

Front 55

thermophiles

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prokaryotes that thrive at very high temperatures

Front 56

acidophiles

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acid-loving prokaryotes that thrive at a pH as low as 0, such that found in the drainage fluids of abandoned mine shafts

Front 57

halophiles

Back 57

prokaryotes that live in extremely salty environments such as the Dead Sea or certain deep sea brine pools that possess salinity equivalent to 5M MgCl2

Front 58

methanogens

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prokaryotes capable of converting CO2 and H2 gases into methane

Front 59

extremophiles

Back 59

the best known archaea live in extremely inhospitable environments; they are referred to as __________

Front 60

1. archaea and bacteria
2. archaea

Back 60

1. 2 major taxonomic groups of prokaryotes
2. which is most closely related to eukaryotes?

Front 61

flagella

Back 61

hairlike motile organelles that project from the surface of a variety of eukaryotic cells

Front 62

chloroplasts

Back 62

in plants cells, where photosynthesis occurs

Front 63

chromatin

Back 63

a complex nucleoprotein material that makes up the chromosomes of eukaryotes

Front 64

cytosol

Back 64

the region of fluid content of the cytoplasm outside of the membranous organelles of a eukaryotic cell

Front 65

eukaryotic cell

Back 65

cells characterized by an internal structure based on organelles such as the nucleus, derived from eu-karyon, or true nucleus

Front 66

prokaryotic cells

Back 66

structurally simple cells, including archaea and bacteria that do not have membrane-bounded organelles; derived from pro-karyon or "before the nucleus"

Front 67

mitotic spindle

Back 67

microtubule-containing "machine" that functions in the organization and sorting of duplicated chromosomes during mitotic cell division

Front 68

organelles

Back 68

the organizationally and functionally diverse, membranous or membrane-bounded, intracellular structures that are the defining features of eukaryotic cells

Front 69

prokaryotes
eukaryotes

Back 69

what are the two basic classes of cells?

Front 70

internal structures in a cell

Back 70

what are organelles?

Front 71

3.7 billion years ago

Back 71

when did life on Earth begin?

Front 72

enzymes

Back 72

molecules that greatly increase the rate at which chemical reactions occur

Front 73

-highly complex and organized
-posses genetic program and means to use it
-capable of producing more of themselves
-acquire and utilize energy
-carry out chemical reactions
-engage in mechanical activities
-respond to stimuli
-capable of self regulation
-evolve

Back 73

fundamental properties of cells

Front 74

1951, Worked at Johns Hopkins University, cultured 1st human cells, obtained from malignant tumor, Named Hela Cells after donor, Henrietta Lacks.
-descended by cell division from the 1st cell sample, they are still being grown in labs around the world today

Back 74

describe George and Martha Gey

Front 75

1855, German pathologist, made convincing case for the 3rd tenet of the cell theory
-cells can only arise by division of a preexisting cell

Back 75

Describe Rudolf Virchow

Front 76

cells could arise from non-cellular material

Back 76

Schleiden and Schwann both believed that__________

Front 77

German zoologist in 1839, published comprehensive report on the cellular basis of animal life. concluded plants and animals are similar in structure and proposed 2 tenets of cell theory: -all organisms are composed of 1 or more cells -the cell is the structural unit of life

Back 77

Describe Theodor Schwann

Front 78

In 1838, German lawyer turned Botanist, plants were made of cells and that the plant embryo arose from a single cell

Back 78

Describe Matthias Schleiden

Front 79

Dutchman, spent his spare time grinding lenses and constructed simple microscopes of remarkable quality. First to examine drop of pond water to observe "animalcules" around 1600s. Also the 1st to describe various forms of bacteria

Back 79

Describe Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Front 80

Robert Hooke, around 1600s
English microscopist
at age 27, was curator of Royal Society of Londons scientific academy

Back 80

The discovery of cells is generally credited to _______.
Describe him.

Front 81

reductionist

Back 81

the view that knowledge of the parts of the whole can explain the character of the whole

Front 82

e. coli
yeast- saccharomyces
mustard plant-aravidopsis
nematode-caenorhabditis elegans
fruit fly-drosophila
mouse-mus musculus

Back 82

what are the 6 model organisms

Front 83

centrioles

Back 83

cylindrical structures, about .2 microns across and typically about twice as long, that contain nine evenly spaced fibrils, each of which appears in cross section as a band of three microtubules.
nearly always found in pairs with each of the members situated at right angles to one another

Front 84

microfilaments

Back 84

solid, 8nm thick, cytoskeletal structures composed of a double helical polymer of the protein actin. they play a key role in virtually all types of contractility and motility within cells

Front 85

peroxisomes

Back 85

simple membrane-bound multi-functional organelles of the cytoplasm that carry out a diverse array of metabolic reactions, including substrate oxidation leading to formation of hydrogen peroxide. Site of oxidation of very long chain fatty acids, oxidation of uric acid, and synthesis of plasmalogens

Front 86

Golgi complex

Back 86

network of smooth membranes organixzed into a characteristic morphology, consisting of flattened disc like cisternae with dealated rims and assoc. vesicles and tubules.
functions primarily as a processing plant where proteins newly synthesized in the ER are modified in specific ways

Front 87

vacuole

Back 87

single, membrane bound, fluid filled structure that comprises as much as 90% of the volume of many plant cells

Front 88

microtubules

Back 88

hollow cylindrical cytosheletal structures, 25nm in diameter, whose wall is composed of the protein tubulin
polymers assembled from alpha/beta tubulin hereodimers that are arranged in rows or protofilaments
because of their rigidity they often act in a supportive capacity

Front 89

nuclear envelope

Back 89

the complex double membrane structure that divides the eukaryotic nucleus from its cytoplasm

Front 90

cell wall

Back 90

a rigid nonliving structure that provides support and protection for the cell it surrounds

Front 91

plasma membrane

Back 91

the membrane serving as a boundary between the interior of a cell and its extracellular environment

Front 92

genes

Back 92

encode information to build each cell and the organism
encode information for cellular reproduction, activity and structure

Front 93

actin

Back 93

a globular, cytoskeletal protein that polymerizes to form a flexible, helical filament capable of interacting with myosin
filaments provide mechanical support for eukaryotic cells, determine the cell's shape, and enable cell movements