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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 4 major classes of cellular molecules |
1. Proteins 2. Carbohydrates 3. Lipids 4. DNA/RNA |
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What elements do basic proteins contain? |
Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen and sometimes Sulphur |
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Basic structure of an amino acid |
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What do protein side chains determine |
Folding, Charge and grouping |
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Peptide bonds are between the..... |
N-terminus and the C- Terminus |
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What are the shapes of primary proteins |
Linear |
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How are secondary proteins shaped |
Folded and coaled into alpha helices and beta pleated sheets |
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How are tertiary proteins formed |
By interactions between the R- Groups and |
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How are quaternary proteins formed |
Interactions between two or more poly-peptide units |
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What are the 7 functions of proteins |
1. Structural 2. Enzymes 3. Toxin 4. Communication 5. Transport 6. Movement 7. Storgage |
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What determines how proteins function |
The structure |
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What affects protein conformation? |
Sequence of amino acids Chemical conditions: PH, Temperature, Salt concentration Things that bind to a protein: cofactors & Coenzymes |
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Co-enzymes |
Organic |
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Co-Factor |
Inorganic |
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What are carbohydrates |
Sugars |
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Simple sugars are |
Monosacharides |
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2-10 sugars are |
oligosacharides |
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sugar macromolecules are |
polysacharides |
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Carbohydrates are made up of |
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen |
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What is the general formula of carbohydrates |
(CH2O)3 |
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Carbohydrates serve as |
Fuel and building materials |
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What family of Carbohydrates is this from? |
Aldoses |
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What family of carbohydrates is this from? |
Ketoses |
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D and L sugars are.... |
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Where is the anomeric carbon |
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What are the two formations of cyclic carbohydrates? |
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What bonds join sugars? |
Glycosidic |
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Examples of common disaccharides are |
Lactose and sucrose |
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What molecule is ... Not a true polymer Not big enough to be macro Organic Hydrophobic |
Lipids |
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Lipids are made up of.... |
Carbon, Hydrogen and a little bit of oxygen |
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How are fats assembled |
From dehydration reactions of smaller molecules (glycerol and fatty acids) |
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Fatty acid structure |
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Synthesis of fat |
Synthesised by dehydration reaction |
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What are some attributes of saturated fatty acids |
* all of the bonds are taken up (no double bonds) * solid at room temperature *inflexible and can pack together |
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What are attributes of unsaturated fatty acids |
* one or more double bonds * flexible: double bond causes bending prevents packing * liquid at room temp |
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Unsaturated fats that have been been artificially converted to saturated fats are called.... |
Hydrogenated or trans fats |
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How are unsaturated fats transformed into saturated fats |
by adding hydrogen |
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Functions of fats in the body |
Storage cushioning to vital organs insulation |
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functions of fatty acids |
energy storage building blocks of phospholipids and glycolipids targeting molecules messenger molecules (hormones and messengers) |
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Phospholipds |
form of lipids that are used by the cell essential for cell membranes form = function |
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structure of phospholypid |
one side hydrophilic other hydrophobic helps large molecules enter the cell |
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Passage of molecules through the cell membrane |
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Glycolipds serve as |
cell markers for cellular communication and to provide energy determine blood group |
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glycolipds are found |
on the outer surface of a cell membrane |
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Lipopolysaccharides are |
lipids with a polysaccharide chain |
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proteoglycans are |
proteins with a polysaccharide chain |
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glycoproteins are |
polysaccharides with a protein chain |
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lipoproteins are |
lipids with a protein chain |
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glycolipids are |
polysaccharides with a lipid chain |
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Cell plasma membrane is made of |
a lipid bilayer |
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define amphipathic |
a molecule with hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts |
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what is the fluid mosaic model |
The plasma membrane is a fluid structure in whicha mosaic of various proteins are either embeddedin (integral) or attached to a phospholipid bilayer |
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What are phospholipids role in the membrane |
They make the lipid bilayer (phospholipid bilayer) |
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What is cholesterol's role in the lipid bilayer? |
Binds together the lipids – firms, integrity Reduces/maintains fluidity balance Reduces permeability to some molecules Confers structural stability Temperature – fluidity and permeability Rafts – secure proteins in membrane |
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What is cell membrane made of |
Cholesterol, glycolipids, phospholipids |
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all cells have |
Plasma membrane Cytoplasm -Cytosol = liquid phase -Cytoskeleton – proteins in fibres and meshworks Chromosomes Ribosomes |
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Prokaryotes have |
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Eukaryote animals have |
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Eukaryote plants have |
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What is the endosymbiant theory |
it proposes that mitochondria was once a prokaryote that was engulfed by eukaryote and became part of the cell. It is explained by mitochondria having some DNA |
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What is the function of the smooth ER |
Lipid biosynthesis Detoxification Storage of Ca2+ |
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What is the function of the rough ER |
Protein manufacture and trafficking |
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What is the function of the Golgi aparatus |
Protein transport |
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What is the endomembrane system |
a system that contains many structures and is connected via the transport of vesicles. It regulates protein traffic and performs metablolic functions in the cell |
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What happens in exocytosis of the plasma membrane |
Transport vesiclesmigrate to theplasma membrane,fuse with it, andrelease theircontents |
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What happens in endocytosis of the plasma membrane |
The cell takes inmacromolecules byforming newvesicles from theplasma membrane |
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What is phagocytosis |
where the cell engulfs a particle by wrapping pseudopodia around it and packaging it into a membrane like sack. This is then digested after the vacuole fuzes with a lysosome containing hydrolytic enzymes |
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What are lysosomes |
Membranous sacs of hydrolyticenzymes that can digest all kinds ofmacromolecules and carry outintracellular digestion byphagocytosis |
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What is the structure of mitochondria |
a smooth outer membrane and a membrane that is folded |
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What are peroxisomes functions |
metabolise fatty acids through oxidisation which produces hydrogen peroxide which can then be used to oxidise other substrates |
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What are chloroplasts functions |
create energy by photosynthesis |
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What is the cytoplasm |
cytosol + cytoskeleton |
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what is the cytoskeleton |
network of fibres that organises the structures and activities of the cell
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What are the functions of the cytoskeleton |
maintain cell shape protect the cell enable some motion play important role in intracellular transport play important role in eukaryote cell division |
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What are the three types of fibres in the cytoskeleton |
Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate fillaments |
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What is the function of actin microfillaments |
Contract or lengthen to givecells the flexibility to changeshape and move important in cytokinesis - division of the cytoplasm |
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structure of actin microfillaments |
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What are the functions of intermediate fillaments |
Provide strength |
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What is vimenten |
Coiled-coil dimer that interacts withother dimers to form a tetramericcomplex that then forms sheetsSokolova et al (2006) PNAS 103; 16206–16211 Vimentin intermediate filaments are thought tobe important for positioning organelles Interacts with golgi, ER, mitochondria andnucleus |
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What are microtubules |
A strong, hollow fibre that acts as a structuralsupport for the cell Composed of heterodimers ofα-tubulin and β-tubulin thatarrange in a helix to form 13vertical protofilaments arounda hollow core |
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What is a centrosome |
Microtubule organising centre (MTOC) Contains a pair of centrioles – sit at right angles |
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What are centrioles |
hollow cylinder found in most animal cells, fungiand algae (but not plants). The walls of centrioles arecomposed of nine triplets of microtubules. |
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How does cell movement occur internally |
Governed by actin fillaments |
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How does cell movement occur externally |
specialised organelles (e.g. flagella) |
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Motor proteins |
Requires energy – supplied in the form of ATP Chemical energy of ATP to mechanical energy Receptors for motor protein on vesicle ororganelle |
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Amoeboid movement also involves thecontraction of |
actin and myosin fillaments |
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What is responsible for the movement of flagella |
The protein dynein |
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What is passive transport |
Movement of a substance across a semipermeablemembrane without using energy Diffusion – tendency for molecules of particularsubstance to spread out evenly into theavailable space. |
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what is osmosis |
movement of water from an area of low concentration to high concentration of solute |
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what are integral proteins |
Penetrate the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer Are often transmembrane proteins thatcompletely span the membrane Often outside part of protein is glycosylated |
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What are peripheral proteins |
Bound to the membrane indirectly byprotein-protein interactions Not inserted into the hydrophobicinterior of the lipid bilayer Dissociate from the membrane withoutdisrupting the phospholipid bilayer |
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What are the six major functions of membrane proteins |
transport, enzymes, cell to cell recognition, signal transduction, attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix and intercellular joining. |
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What is the function of transport protiens in the cellular membrane |
Carriers, channels and pumps Allow passage of hydrophilic substances across themembrane |
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what are the 3 things nucleotides are made of |
1. Ribose sugar = structural 2. Phosphoric acid = structural 3. Nitrogenous bases = informational |
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4 bases in DNA |
Adenine, Guanine, thymine, cytosine |
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4 bases in RNA |
Adenine, Guanine, uracil, cytosine |
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what are nucleosides |
base joined to a ribose sugar |
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what are nucleotides |
base joined to a phosphate |
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DNA and RNA are polymers of |
nucleotides |
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Duplex DNA |
is parallel but runs opposite ways from 5' to 3' held together by hydrogen bonds therefore can easily be broken to retrieve the genetic information |
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Basic gene |
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