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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Metabolism
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the chemical reactions which break down nutrients and synthesize the components of living organisms.
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Seven features which distinguish life.
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1) Cells and organization
2) Energy use and metabolism 3) Response to environmental changes 4) Regulation and homeostasis 5) Growth and development 6) Reproduction 7) Biological evolution |
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Molecular gene expression
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whereby genes are transcribed into mRNA and then transcribed on a polypeptide as a specific amino acid sequence.
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Levels of organization
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Atoms
Molecules and Macromolecules Cells Tissues Organs Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere |
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Two mechanism of evolutionary change
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1) Vertical descent with mutation (natural selection, etc)
2) Horizontal gene transfer (genetic exchange BETWEEN species) |
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Bacteria
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Domain. Prokaryotic, usually unicellular organisms.
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Archaea
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Domain. Prokaryotic, unicellular... wierd.
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Eukarya
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Domain. Eukaryotic (possessing a nucleus). often multicellular. consists of four kingdoms: Animals, Plants, Protists, and Fungi.
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Four kingdoms of eukarya
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Animallia, Plantae, Protista, and Fungi.
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Eukaryotic
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refers to organisms having cells with internal compartments that serve various functions; includes all members of the domain Eukarya.
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Prokaryotic
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Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus having an envelope with pores(?); includes domains Bacteria and Archaea.
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Genomes and its 3 purposes
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The complete genetic makeup of an organisms. Acts as a stable information unit of genetic knowledge, transfers genetic blueprint to descendents, and when mutations occur in the genome, it acts as an instrument of evolutionary change.
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Proteomes
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the complete complement of protiens which a cell or organism can make. Instructions to create the proteome is stored in the genome.
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Discovery based science
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the collection and analysis of data without the need for a preconceived hypothesis... exploratory science
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Hypothesis testing
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Scientific method in which a hypothesis is proposed, and an experiment conducted, and the data from the experiment either confirms or refutes the hypothesis.
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Inorganic chemistry
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concerned with the nature of atoms and molecules not including carbon rings or chains
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Organic chemistry
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concerned with the nature of atoms and molecules containing carbon.
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Free radicals
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an atom with a single unpaired electron in its outer shell. Highly reactive. Can be destructive to living beings. Flavonoids can donate an electron to free radicals without becoming free radicals themselves.
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Hydrophilic
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Polar covalent bonded molecules which dissolve in water.
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Hydrophobic
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Molecules, composed largely of carbon and hydrogen, which are not soluble in water. they do dissolve in nonpolar solvents though.
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Amphipathic
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Molecules that are both polar/ionized in some places, and are nonpolar in others. Think phospholipids. When mixed with water they form Micelles or Bilayers.
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Micelles
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Organizations taken on by amphipathic molecules such that the hydrophobic parts of the molecule are surrounded and enclosed by the hydrophilic parts, which are in contact with water.
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Colligative properties
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properties altered simply by the AMOUNT of solute in the solution, regardless of the identity of solute or solvent. Heat of vaporization (going from liquid to gas) and fusion (going from liquid to solid) are examples of such properties.
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Hydrolytic reaction
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A reaction in which water was used to pull apart a covalently bonded compound.
Example: X-OH + Y-H ====> X-Y + H-O-H |
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Dehydration or condensation reaction
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In which water and a covalently bonded compound is formed.
Example: X-OH + Y-H ====> X-Y + H-O-H |
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Hydrostatic skeleton
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Some animals support their bodies by taking advantage of the fact that water is not greatly reduced in volume while under pressure. Thus, a water balloon offers resistance to bending, see?
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Acid
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A compound which, when placed in solution, releases H+ ions. pH is less than 7, 0 being the strongest possible acid.
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Base
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A compound which, when placed in solution, releases OH- ions. pH is greater than 7, 14 being the strongest possible acid.
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Acid-Base buffer
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A reaction which some organisms take advantage of that allows the organism to regulate the pH of its blood. The bicarbonate pathway is one example.
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Nuclear Pore
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Holes in the nuclear membrane. Allow for the entry and exit of ribosomes, genetic material, etc. into the nucleus.
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Endomembrane System
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All the tissues within the cytoplasm. all the membranes, see.
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4 types of macromolecules
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Carbohydrates
Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids |
