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202 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Efferent neurons are ________
and Sensory neurons are _________ |
Efferent = motor
Sensory = Afferent |
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What is the different between bipolar, multipolar and pseudounipolar neurons? which is most common?
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Bipolar- have 2 extensions
Multipolar- 1 axon, lots of dendrites off body --all other cells that arent sensory are these Pseudounipolar - long dendrite, short axon |
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What is a nissl body? Where is it located?
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It is RER with associated RNA. It is critical because it is where NT is produced.
It is primarily found in the cell body, it does not extend to the axon hillock |
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What is important about the axon hillock?
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It is where the decision is made to fire or not
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Describe dendrites
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-bud off cell body
-vary in # & distribution -become thinner with branching |
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What are dendritic spines?
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Pieces of mmbrn that bud off and interact with other axons
- very plastic- can change shape etc. -involved in LTP -- memory formation -1st processing locale |
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What are the defining features of an axon?
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1. Vary in length/diameter by type
2. Usually single 3.Very long (>40in) 4.Constant diameter |
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True or false - the signal in an AP travel in both directions.
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True. It travels in both directions but only has an effect upstream because the other part is going thru the refractory period and thus is insensitive
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What is the job of an oligodendrocyte?
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electrical insulatio of neurons in the CNS
its one cell, many neurons |
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What is the job of a schwann cell?
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Electrical insulation of neurons in the PNS
its many cells, one neuron |
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What is the function of astrocytes?
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-neuronal survival & activity
-regulate constituents of ECM -Absorb local excess NT -Metabolic & neuroactive mlcls -Gap junction communication -bind neurons to capillaries and pia mater |
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What are the 2 types of astrocytes?
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Fibrous astrocyte - white matter
Protplasmic astrocyte - gray matter |
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What do astrocytes form?
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the outer layer of the CNS
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What is the function of microglial?
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- involved in inflammation & repair
- produces & releases neuronal proteases & oxidative radicals -when activated, retract processes and appear like macrophages |
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What makes up white matter?
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1. myelinated neurons
2.myelin producing glial cells 3. no neuronal cell bodies |
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What makes up gray matter?
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1. neuronal cell bodies
2. dendrites 3. initial myelinated axons 4. glial cells 5. synapses occur here 6. cerebellar and cerebral cortices 7. horns of spinal cord |
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Where is the CSF made?
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The choroid plexus
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What are the 3 coverings of the skeletal muscle?
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1. epimysium
2. perimysium 3. endomysium |
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In skeletal muscle which way are muscles aligned? Why?
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They are aligned in parallel for the greatest force
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Define the following
A band H Zone M line Z line I band |
A band = myosin filaments(thick)
H zone = has only myosin filaments in it M line = where myosin (thick) is attached Z line = mark start of new sacromere. Also the anchor site for thin filament I band = where NO myosin is |
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Thin Filament
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-composed of actin, tropomyosin ad troponin
-G actin has binding site for myosin -Tropomyosin bound btwn actin strands -troponin (TnC subunit)bound to tropomyosin |
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What are the steps for the myosin- actin interaction?
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1. influx of Ca2+ starts it
2. Ca2+ binds to TnC 3.Troponin does confirm. change 4.Actin is exposed/ ATP 5.ATP cleaved to ADP 6.Power stroke |
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When does the "bridge" let go?
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ONLY when myosin binds new ATP
If no ATP = rigor mortis |
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Transverse Tubules
(T tubules) |
-invaginations of sarcolema
-surrounds A/I band -transmits depolar from myoneural junction -electric stimulation opens L-type Ca2+ channels -a mechanical interaction between it and calcium-release channels located on the adjacent sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. |
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Where do motor nerves branch out in skeletal muscle -- what layer?
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Perimysial
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Name steps to get contraction triggered in a muscle
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1. ACH is released in cleft
2. Na+ influx 3. Mmbrn depolarized 4.Transmission via Ttubes to SR 5. Ca2+ release from SR 6.Contract |
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What are the 3 components of the intercalated disc? describe them. What are they found in?
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1. Fasciae adherents --attachs thin filaments
2.maculae adherentes- cell to cell attachement 3. Gap junctions - communication Found in Cardiac muscle |
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What are the 2 types of smooth muscle?
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1. Single Unit - 1 neuron activates contraction in 1 cell. msg spreads thru gap junctions
2. Multiunit - indivi. cells innervated by indivi. neurons. Made of elongated/nonstriated cells, lots of intermediate filaments |
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Dense bodies
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-found in skeletal muscles
-2 types - membrane associated & cytoplasmic associated -Sites of attach. for thin & intermediate filam. -Made of alpha actinin -allow transmission of force from cell to cell |
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what happens to the mmbrn when it is repolarized?
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K+ flows to the outside and the charges return
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Non-gated ion channels
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passive, continuously open
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gated ion channels
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active, open and close
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voltage gated
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voltage sensitive
operation related to membrane potential inside cell |
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chemical gated
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aka ligand-gated, rceptor-gated
example= acetylcholine and GABA varying degrees of sensitivity to each other |
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whats the difference between axon action potential and nerve action potential?
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Axon - lasts 15 secs
Nerve is graded. Height of AP increases as strength increases |
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What are the criteria to classify a NT?
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1. Must be present in nerve terminal
2. Cell is Capable of making substance & accumulating it 3. Cell can store it 4. Is released upon nerve stimulation 5. causes a change at post-synaptic mmbrn 6. exsistence of process to inactivate either by enzymes or re-uptake |
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Do co-transmitters satisfy the 6 points of criteria for a NT?
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Yes, they are jsut usually co-released to the same postsynaptic mmbrn
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Neuromodulators
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produce relatively prolonged effects on K+ Ca+ channels
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What does the pre-synaptic terminal contain?
What do they synapse with? |
synaptic vesicles, mitochondria
-soma, dendrites (80%), motor neuron |
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Post synaptic potential
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-excite/Inhibit
-open ion channels 1-2msec -it induces some action in cell -NT's can act on the mmbrn for longer period |
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Whats the difference between spatial and temporal summation?
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spatial is when you have multiple stimuli hitting diff. sites on the mmbrn at the same time. Where temporal is one stimuli firing a lot at one spot
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where does synthesis of ACh occur?
Acetyl CoA? Choline acetyltransferase? |
ACH- Cytoplasm
Acetyl CoA- mito in presynap term choline acetyltransferase - perikaryon |
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How do you make NE?
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Tyrosine (rate limit) --> DOPA --> DA --> NE
using enzymes: tyrosine hydroxylase, decarboxylase, dopamine B-hydroxylase |
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what are chromaffin granules?
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are two types of catecholamine cell types. One has E and one has NE.
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What is most abundant catecholamines in adrenal medulla?
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80% is E
remainder is mix of NE(mostly)+DA |
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What does glucocorticoids do?
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increases action of tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine B-hydroxylase, N-methyltransferase.
When stress is high, glucocorticoids subsequently increase the synthesis of epi |
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During resting state is NT released?
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Yes, a small amount is continulously released but it doesnt stimulate a release. This is needed to maintain a physio response on target cell
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What kind of channels are Na+?
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Voltage gated
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autoreceptors
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receptors located on the presynaptic mmbrn. They decrease the release of NT from presynaptic mmbrn. Its related to decrease in Ca2+ influx
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What do you get an influx/efflux in for a EPSP? IPSP?
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EPSP - influx of Na+
IPSP- Efflux of K+ |
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Describe G proteins
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-relay signals outside cell to inside of cell
-attach to inner side of mmbrn -are heterotrimeric -bind GDP/GTP(active) |
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Why is AChE important?
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It hydrolyzes ACh to choline and acetate. Its the most important process for inactivation of ACh.
Its located in pre/post synapses and axons/dendrites of cholinergic neurons |
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What is the minor process in termination of adrenergic NT?
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2 enzymes - MAO & COMT
MAO - outer surface of mito in nerve terminals & liver. Catabolizes via deamination COMT- mostly extracellular, catabolizes via methylation -- major % of NE and E |
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True or false. A reuptake process for ACh does appear to exist.
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FALSE. ACh reuptake process does not exist!
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MALT
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In mucous membranes exposed to the outside world - genital, GI, respi,
Its the first line of defense |
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What is the difference between humoral and cellular defense in the immune system?
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Cellular is the actual cells that move and act, they perform the actual "fight"
Where humoral is the secretion of mlcls and the production of antibodies. It's the "prep" for the fight |
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IgG
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Most abundant
crosses placenta activator complement system and oposin -given to fetus by mom |
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IgA
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secreted
along mucuos mmbrn prevents attachment of pathogens -its soluble |
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IgM
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activates B cells
first produced to antigen and in neonate membrane-bound and circulating form |
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IgE
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allergic reaction
-immediate hypersensitivity reaction -receptors on mast cells and basophils |
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IgD
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very rare
activation of B cells membrains of immunocompetent Bcells |
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What are the properties of acquired immunity?
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Specificity = 1 antibody recognizes 1 antigen
-diversity -memory -self-limitation -tolerance |
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What do the following cells do?
1. B cells 2. Acessory cells -dendritic cells 3. Effector cells |
1. work horses, become effector cells and plasma cells. Make antibodies against antigens
2. Help lymphocytes mature - break up antigen, they are like helper cells 3.hel create the immune response and bring it to the tissue whenever insult occurs |
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What are the 2 types of immune organs?
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Primary - blood, bone marrow
Secondary - thymus & any organ that are site of immune response |
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Describe the T cekk
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cannot recognize the antigen without help from proteins in major histocompatiability complex (MHC)
- its cell mediated immunity -matures in Thymus |
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What is CD4+? Who has it?
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It changes helper T cells in thymus, which allows them to produce cytokines which are solube and act on cells to cause responses in the genetic material
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What is an M cell?
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special cell type in the lamina propria that helps in process of pulling and recognizing antigen
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Palatine
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connective tissue capsule is partial
covered by stratified squamous epithelium deep crypts are where old lymphoctyes get stuck |
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Pharyngeal
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found in superior and posterior part of pharynx
no crypts ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells - respi epithelium |
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Lingual
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smaller than palatine tonsil
under your tongue one crypt per tonsil |
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What is lymphatic tissue a derivative of? what about epithelial tissue?
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Lymph - mesodermal
epi-endodermal |
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What are thymocytes?
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They are caled this when T cells colonize the thymus.
These differeniate in the thymus |
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What does the thymus do?
What does it do NOT? |
Do: Helps T cells recognize "self"
Most active during teenage years then gets smaller Place of differentiation for thymocytes Where Tcells mature to CD4+ (helper T) OR CD8+ (cytotoxic T) Dont: filter the lymph --> reason for the thymic blood barrier |
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Describe the PHYSICAL features of a lymph node
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Have a cortex & medulla --> the medulla have sinuses so blood can leave & pick up what it needs
Hilum = concave Cortical = convex |
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What is the path of lymph?
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Goes thru cortex --> to medulla --> and out through efferent lymphatic vessels
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What does the spleen do?
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Filters the blood
Erythrocyte destruction (recycles Heme & iron) Monitors blood for antigens |
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What is red pulp?
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A part of the spleen which is made up of cords called "Cords of Billroth/Splenic cords" and spelnic sinusoids, which are open ended regions so blood is bathing the cell
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What is white pulp?
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Its the main lymphatic structure of the spleen. Its where the white blood cells are and it is made up of arterioles called the central artery. They form PALs
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What is/are PALS?
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Periarteriolymphatic sheath
they are sheets of lymphocytes around the central artey -Populated mainly by T cells |
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What are bloods functions?
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-carry oxygen
-removal of waste -fight infection -stop bleeding/clotting -carry nutrients -carry drugs |
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What are the 4 ways that things are developed for blood?
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-Granulopoiesis - dvpmnt WBCs
-erythropoeis- development of RBCs -Thrombopoesis - dvlpmnt of platelets -lymphipoiesis-dvlpmnt of lymphocytes |
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what lineage are granulocytes? lymphocytes?
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Granulocytes are myloid lineage
Lymphocytes are lymphoid lineage |
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Granulocyte line
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neutrophils, eosinophil, basophils, mastphils???
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Lymphoid line
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tcell, b cell, dendritic cell,plasma cell
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Erythroid line
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comes off myloid, dvlps into erthryocyte
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Platelet line
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comes off myloid line, falls under CFU-GEMM
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Monocyte line
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aka macrophage
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Dendritic line
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dendritic cells straddle both sides of the fence (lymphoid & myeloid)
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What lacks clotting/coagulation factors?
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The serum part.
*take blood tube and let it sit on table and clot, top part is serum* |
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How can you tell an immature cell?
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High N:C ration, nucleoli, large cell
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What must acute leukemia have in order to make diagnosis?
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Must have "blasts"
blasts are bad in excess |
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Promyelocyte
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this cell develops primary granules
still have high N:C ratio, nucleoli |
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Myelocyte
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form 2ndry granules,
develop granule differentiation "Huff" is present |
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Metamyelocyte
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nucleus starts to intent but NOT more than 50%
2ndry granules & Huff "Band" is present - "C cell" |
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Whats most common white cell in normal blood smear?
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Neutrophil
aka polomonuclear cell |
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What happens in chemo to your cells?
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In chemo the neutrophils can go down to zero, this mean if you get an infection it can spread like wide fire
100.5 temp is ur line = hospital |
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Whats the main function of Neutrophils?
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"marines"
eradicate pathogens by phagocytosis they are pus. They are elevated when you have infection (except in chemo) |
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Eosinophils
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rare 1-5%
Nucleus is bilobed Associated with allergic reactions, asthma and worm infections -contrains chemicals that are very toxic |
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Basophil
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rarest of granulocytes
Elevated with myeloproliferative disorders Mainly found in blood stream (if in tissue its called a mast cell) |
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Lymphocyte
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Very small
Nucleus is 80% of cell few granules Non-segmented nucleus 2 kinds B cells and T cells |
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B cell turn into _____?
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-turn into plasma cells
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Plasma cells
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"spoke wheel appearance of nucleus"
Makes antibodies. ONE CELL = makes ONE type of antibody (M.A.D.G.E) |
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Monocytes
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classsifed at phagocytes. they are precursors to macrophages
- have a lot more cytoplasm than a lymphocyte - has vacuoles -main function is to phagocytize, cell lysis and clean up |
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Macrophages
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Main function is cell lysis, recognition of antigen and antigen presentation
-regulates immune system -involved in antibody directed cell toxicity |
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Erythropoiesis
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Driven by hormone given off by the kidney = erythropoetin
-regulated by hypoxia, its secreted when oxygen is low *can be given in lab to stimulate RBC production* |
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Proerythroblast
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large cell
-nucleus is like perfectly round -can have nucleoli |
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Basophilic normoblast
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- a bit smaller (2nd step)
-chromatin is more tightly wound |
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Polychromatophilic normoblast
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-nuclear material more densely packed
-cell continues to get smaller -start to synthesize hemoglobin (thus the mix in color when staining) |
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Orthochromic Normoblast
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-hemoglobin synthesis is really evident
-nucleus is as tight and as small as you are going to get -take nucleus out of cell is next step -cytoplasm is "ruddy" |
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Reticulocyte or Retics
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-has lost nucleus and is basically a RBC (but still has a lil rRNA left)
-bit bigger than erythrocyte |
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Retic stain
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-see dvlpmnt of RBC
-if anemic would test this, * high= anemia -normal is 1% -sickle cell = 30% retic |
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Platelets
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develop from megakaryocytes (HUGE cells) but then become VERY TINY
- have granules -main function = stop bleeding *falling platelets =bad, increase with bad things too though like bleeding or inflammation* |
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What do all cardiovascular and heart have in common?
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They all have this specific type of endothelium --> simple squamous
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What does the endothelium do in the CV system?
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1. site of coversion of angiotension1 to angiotension2 (deals with BP)
2.vasoconstriction 3. lipolytic function - change lipids into triglycerides and cholesterol |
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Whats the 2nd layer in the CV vessel? what does it do?
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The 2nd layer is the muscle tissue. It holds the shape.
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In the CV system what type of collagen fibers are abundent?
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Collagen type III
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Describe the connective tissue in CV?
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-Bigger arteries = elastic lamina
-Collagen I = adventitia -Collagen IV = basal lamina of endo -Glycosaminoglycans throughout all layers |
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What is the tunica intima?
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-simple squamous
-basal lamina and lamina propria -bigger muscular artiers have visible internal elastic lamina |
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What does the internal elastic lamina do in the tunica intima?
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It helps intima to expand and contract. Its the delimiting struc. of intima
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What is tunica media?
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-This is where most of muscles are
http://www.flashcardexchange.com/mycards/add/1445892 |
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Tunica adventitia
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-its the outermost layer
- its the CT layer -small in large elasti arteries -large in big VEINS -"vaso visorum" -has free nerve endings to control vasoconstriction |
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What is vaso visorum?
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Little vessels of the adventia for giving nutrients to the vessel itself because cant get it all to diffuse from center
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What do pericytes do?
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-they are supporting cells that surround capillary
-can replace anything injured -can contract so there is no back-up (this is when vessel will be considered a venule) |
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Why are their fenestrations in the plasma mmbrn? where are they found?
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They are found in the cell mmbrns of capillaries
- they allow for bigger mlcls and quicker exchange of material. Dont have to go thru pinocytosis |
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What are the types of capillaries?
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1. Fenestrated
2. Continuous/Soma 3. Discontinuous/Sinus |
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Whats the difference in function btwn continuous and discontinuous capillarys?
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Continuous have cont. basal lamina where discontinuous do not. Also, continuous sees more pinocytosis. Discontinuosis allows for slower passage of blood, so organ really bathes in it (its a free exchange of materal
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What will be histological differences between veins and arteries?
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In veins:
- no elastic lamina -big lumen, thin wall -smaller bundles of smooth muscle -Adventitia is well developed with lots of collagen |
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Describe the endocardium?
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-simple squamous with Loose CT under
-attaches to fibrous skeleton -subendo contains pukinjie cells (pacemakers) - sometimes binucleated |
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Describe the myocardium?
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-majority of heart
-arranged for strength and allow for conductance of the contraction |
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Describe the epicardium?
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-its the mesothelium - simple squamous
-where a lot of fat can accumulate |
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What does "acute" mean when you say acute leukemia?
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Acute means thats the cells never are never reaching maturity. The patient has many more "blasts" than they should.
-they have maturation arrest |
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Describe chronic leukemia
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-No maturation arrests
-The cells mature but are abnormal & functional poorly --white cells dont function |
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When we talk about myelgenous leukemia what cells are we talking about? Lymphocytic leukemia?
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Myelogenous = means cells from the myeloblast lineage -- neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Lymphocytic = means cells from lymphoblast lineage -- B& T cells (plasma cells) |
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What is chronic myelogenous leukemia?
prognosis? treatment? |
-elderly disease
-too many white cells, all along myeloid lineage - mature neutrophils, myelocytes will be present but majoirty will be mature -possibly see anemia -check "philadelphia chromosome" -Prognosis = good but will eventually kill her -therapy = gleevac. can treat when asymptomatic. |
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What is Chronic lymphocytic leukemia?
prognosis? diagnosis? treatment? |
- elderly disease, most common type of leukemia
-huge amt of WBC -Smear results = mature lymphoctes that are jagged & smeared. - confirm with Flow cytometry for CD markers (5,19,20,21,23), bone marrow biopsy -Prognosis- good will live for yrs, much less fatal -treatment- use discretion. "wait & watch" factor in age. Can use a "softer" IV chemo, or "alkaloid"pills -cant cure but can treat it |
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What is multiple myeloma?
diagnosis? prognosis? treatment? |
- mainly older adults
-High protein, with barely any albumin -- can see high creatinine -x-ray can show lucent areas -SPEP results = high gamma peak (M spike) -Marrow smear = tons of plasma cells, very homogenous -prognosis-not good, lots of kidney failure -treatment- chemo, bone marrow transplants, bisphosphonates *drug can hurt <3 |
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What is acute myeloid leukemia?
diagnosis? prognosis? treatment? |
-adults (>13)
-weightloss, night sweat, bumps in neck, wasn't better w/ antibiotics, feel awful -Peripheral smear - myeloblasts with faggot cells -Prognosis- can be deadly quickly, -treatment- must transfer immediately, toxic chemo,induction chem |
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What is sickle cell anemia?
diagnosis? prognosis? treatment? |
-in male, african americans, young
-family history typically -Low Hgb and haptoglobin -high bilirubin -smear -- sickle cell -treatment - hydration, oxygen, pain meds |
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What is pernicious anermia?
diagnosis? prognosis? treatment? |
-its a B12 deficiency
-lower WBC,MCV big cells, high bilirubin, low haptoglobin -Smear = helmet cells, ekinocytes, howell jolly bodies -treatment - B12 injections, better diet, B12 pills p.o. in high dose |
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When you contract/expand this it affects the amt. of air in the abdomen and thorax to allow for lungs to expand
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Its the diaphragm
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What is the path of air when you breathe in?
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nose --> moutch --> trachea --> main branchii --> lobes bronchii --> segmental bronchii --> bronchioles --> terminal bronchioles --> respiratory bronchioles (alveoli)
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What do vibrissae do?
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They are hairs in the nasal passage that trap microscopic particulates keeping them from traveling down the tube
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What purpose do macrophages serve in breathing?
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they are found mainly in epithelium, necessary to remove particulates
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What produces mucus in the respi. tract?
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Goblet cells and clara cells. goblet cells are found in epithelium but the clara cells are found in the respiratory portion
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What warms the air as you breathe in?
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the capillary network -- huge venous plexus. The nasal conchae help also b/c it moves the air around
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In the respi. tract how are elastic fibers and smooth muscle related to each other?
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They are inversely proportional. The smaller the tube gets, the more elastic fibers and the less smooth muscle you see
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In conducting portion what helps keep shape? What about in respiratory portion?
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Conducting = smooth muscle and cartilage
respiratory = elastic fibers |
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What do basal cells do in respi?
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They are located in the basal lamina of the basement mmbrn and they are in charge of replacing the resp. epi. The epi has to be turned over reg. since its insulted so much
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Why are the nasal chonchae important?
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They help the air to swirl around and come into contact with venous system. This swirling also allows vibrissae to pull particulates out of air
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What do olfactory neurons do?
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They have nerve fibers that extend into CT and send impulses back to CNS. They are specialized cilia that trap & "smell" particles
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What do the olfactory glands of bowman do?
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They open up to surface of olfactory epithelium. When the olf. neurons sends stimulus down these respond by sending up Oderant-binding proteins
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What do oderant binding proteins (OBP) do?
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they coat cilia of olfactory cells and help to trap particles so neuron can more fully characterize/translate proteins
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Describe the paranasal sinuses
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They are lined with respi. epi.
-fewe goblet cells -less glands in lamina propria -less extensive venous plexus |
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In the larynx what does the lamina propria contain?
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In the lamina propria of the larynx there is a lot of seromucous glands and numerous mast cells.
*the mast cells play a role w/ throat closing in anaphylaxis |
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What part of the respi. lacks cartilage and glands in their mucosa?
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Bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, and respiratory bronchioles
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What changes from the transition of bronchus to bronchiole?
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The bronchioles lack cartilage and glands in its mucosa. They have less goblet cells.
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What can be found in the terminal bronchiole?
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It has a simple cuboidal epi with cilia. Clara cells replace goblet cells. Has smooth muscle but has a greater amt. of elastic fibers. It also contains neroepithelial bodies
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What do clara cells do?
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1. Produce surfactant which is of a lipid composition
2. Regulagtes the transport to Cl- ions 3.Produce proteins that protect the bronchiolar lining from oxidative pollutants and inflammation |
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What do neuroepithelial bodies do? where are they found?
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They are chemoreceptors that let the body know O2/CO2 % to determine inspiration and expiration. They are found in the terminal bronchiole.
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What is the beginning of the respiratory portion?
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Respiratory bronchioles
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What lines the respiratory bronchioles?
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Simple cuboidal with cilia to simple cuboidal
*more tunnel shaped than circular |
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When do you lose smooth muscle in the respi tract?
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At the alveolar duct -- only has elastic fibers to keep shape
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What are alveoli made of ? (kind of epi)
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Simple squamous epi
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What are macrophages called in alveoli?
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Dust cells -- they monitor any antigenic substance that has made it past all other cleaning barriers
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What is this describing:
Slightly bigger than simple squamous Majority of alveoli wall Helps measure how the transfer of materials is occuring? |
Pneumocyte type 1
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Describe a Pneumocyte type 2
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It is present in the interalveolar spetum and it produces surfactant
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What are the nutritive branches of the respi. tract?
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The bronchial arteries
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What do the bronchial veins drain into?
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Azygos and hemiazygos veins
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What action does GABA have in the CNS?
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It is inhibitory
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what is the Nervous systems negative feedback system?
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Autoreceptors
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What part contain a lot of NE?
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Adrenal medulla
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Where are myelinated axons in peripheral and CNS depolarized at?
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Nodes of ranvier
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The depolarization that occurs at nodes of ranvier is called?
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Saltatory conduction
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Activatin of Ca dependent K channel promotes what?
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Hyperpolarization
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What does Gs do?
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Activates adenylate cyclase which makes ATP go to AMP
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Name receptors which activate adenylate cyclase
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1. beta adrengic
2. dopamine -1 3. histamine |
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Name Receptors which inhibit adenylate cyclase
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1.alpha-2 adrenergic
2. dopamine -2 3. GABA -B 4. Opiod |
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What happens when the pH is <7.0?
what about pH > 7.8? |
If its <7.0 then it will elad to a coma
pH>7.8 central neurons are activated and convulsions are likely to occur |
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What does skeletal muscle develop from?
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Somites
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what is myotube?
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early form of a skeletal muscle fiber
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Contraction of the muscle continues until when?
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Ca2+ ions are removed
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In skeletal muscle mechanical interaction between t tubles activates what?
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It activates the Ca conducting Ryanodine receptors on the adjacent SR mmbrns causing Ca release from the SR
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what gets rid of excess acetylcholine?
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Cholinesterase
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What makes cardiac muscle fatigue resistant?
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1. only 1 or 2 nuclei per cell
2. T tubules more numerous and larger 3. mitochondria make up 40% of cytoplasmic volume |
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Whats the difference btwn smooth muscle and skeletal & cardiac muscle contraction?
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1. light chain myosin phosphorylation is required
2. Ca influx binds calmodulin 3. calmodulin phosphorylates myosin light chain |
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What do dense bodies do?
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They are sites of attachment for thin and intermediate filaments and allow transmission of force from cell to cell.
they are made of alpha-actinin |
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What is nebulin?
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Its an actin binding protein, which is more common in cardiac muscle. It improves teh strength of thin filament
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What is titin?
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It connects the Z line to the M line in the sacromere. Its important in striated msucles. It holds the cardiac muscle shorter when at rest
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In length-tension relation what differs between skeletal and cardiac muscle?
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Skeletal muscle is arranged to better operate on the plateau of the active length-tension relation for max power. Cardiac muscle is better at the ascending limb
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What can cardiac muscle exert greater force against its load when it fills to a greater volume?
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The length-tension relation. The <3 operates better over a shorter sacromere length
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What is the difference in rest-tension between cardiac and skeletal muscle?
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Skeletal muscle is relatively low while cardiac muscle is relatively high -- which helps cardiac prevent a blowout of the wall
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what is kinesin?
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is a transport protein, used in vesicle transport and in axonal transport
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In the cross-bridge cycling what is the predominate state?
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Myosin with ADP + Pi bound to it
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How do you unswing "head" of the cross bridge cycle?
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Hydralysis -- recharges or "cocks" the myosin head, uses one H2O, releases a H+
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What happens when you add sarcromeres in series?
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Shortening rate increases speed but max force remains the same.
*you're only as strong as the weakest link* |
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What happens when you add contractile units in parallel?
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Will increase force but speed will stay the same b/c of the limitations of the cross-bridge cycling
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What does creatine phosphokinase do?
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It transfers a Pi from ATP to creatine.
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What is the purpose of the phosphocreatine shuttle?
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It acts as an energy resovoir in tissues, like skeletal muscle, that consume a lot of ATP. It makes sure ATP doesnt deplete
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What is cardiac muscle most like?
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Like skeletal slow oxidative type 1
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whats calsequestrins job?
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Allows SR to maintian higher Ca concentration. Its a Ca buffer
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What does Phospholamban do?
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binds to the Ca pump to decrease the rate if Ca reuptake in cardiac SR
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The activation level of striated muscle is related to what?
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It is related to how much of the thin filament is activated
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