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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The resulting mass from new growth from uncontrolled or autonomous proliferation is called
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NEOPLASM
benign or malignant |
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Originally result of swelling due to inflammation.
May be also used interchangeably with neoplasm |
Tumor
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True or False
BENIGN NEOPLASMS/TUMORS are slow growing and-- do NOT invade surrounding tissues do NOT metastasize (travel) |
True
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Cancer (general term for all MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS) are characterized by what 2 things?
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INVADE surrounding tissue
DO metastasize (travel to other organs) |
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NON-neoplastic change in type of tissue at a site of injury or irritation
ex: squamous replaces glandular epithelium |
Metaplasia
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NEOPLASTIC mutations which result abnormal features in some but not all original or metaplastic so that there is a mixture of normal and abnormal cells
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Dysplasia
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NEOPLASTIC mutation which result in replacement of all the normal epithelial cells by abnormal cells WITHOUT INVASION THROUGH THE BASEMENT MEMBRANE!!!
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Carcinoma - in-situ
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Neoplastic mutation which results in INVASION through the basement membrane and/or metastases
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Carcinoma
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What are the sequential steps in aggressiveness of neoplasia
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metaplasia (non-neoplastic)
dysplasia carcinoma-in-situ carcinoma |
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neoplasm that has little or no similarity to original tissue / poorly differentiated
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anaplastic
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What are the Grades of Neoplasm?
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Low grade (well differentiated)
Intermediate grade (moderately differentiated) High grade (anaplastic) |
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True or False
Benign neoplasm are almost always well differentiated, are not aggressive and thus are very rarely graded. |
True
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True or False
Malignant neoplasm's behavior frequently predicted by its grade. The uglier and less like its tissue of origin that it appears, usually the worse it behaves. |
True
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How are the Grade or degree of lack of differentiation or anaplasia is determined by what 6 things?
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cellular and nuclear PLEOMORPHISM
Hyperchromatic staining or Hyperchromasia Increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio Prominent nucleolus or nucleoli increased mitotic activity disorganized growth |
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Tumor growth measured by the ? which is the time required for the tumor to ?
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Doubling Time
double in size HIGHER GRADE = FASTER GROWTH = SHORTER DOUBLING TIME |
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True or False
Cancer cells usually have a faster cell cycle time than normal cells. This is why they grow so fast. |
FALSE
cancer cells usually have a normal cell cycle time -- the reason why they grow is because cancer cells are capable of going through the cell cycle MULTIPLE TIMES!!!! |
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? is the description of the extent of spread of a neoplasm
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Stage
low stage = tumor is limited to site of origin high stage = spreads beyond the site origin to other organs |
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TNM cancer staging system
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T = for size or local extent of primary tumor
N = number and distribution of lymph node metastases M = presence and extent of distant metastases |
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What are the membrane attachment sites under the plasma membrane?
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Catenins
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Unbound or Free catenins induce ?
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Cellular Proliferation
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for cell to cell adhesion--
? anchors through cells plasma membranes to Catenins (under the plasma membrane) |
Epithelial (E) Cadhedrin
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? bind to basement membrane (BM) and/or matrix proteins such as LAMININ and FIBRONECTINS
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Integrins
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? are transmembrane molecules for signal conduction and initiate penetration of basement membrane by secretion of proteolytic enzymes
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Integrins
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What are the proteinases found in malignant cells that are released to break through the basement membrane
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serine proteinase
collagenases cystein proteinase |
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growth of fibrous tissue around damaged tissue or around malignancies
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Desmoplastic Reaction
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What type of enzyme is required for penetration of fibrous stroma by tumor cells?
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Type I collagenase
(type IV is seen in the basement membrane) |
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migration of tumor cells into degraded zone of ECM is caused by ? which causes PSEUDOPODIA of tumor cells rich in receptors for ? and ?
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Autocrine Motile Factor (AMF)
--receptors for laminin --receptors for fibrinectin |
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What are the most important angiogenic factors are?
(2) |
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VGEF)
Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF) |
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What are normal ANTI-ANGIOGENIC factors that inhibit angiogenic factors?
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THROMBOSPONDIN - 1
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What is the WALBURG EFFECT?
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most tumor cell DO NOT use mitochondria for glycolysis
but DO USE DIRECT GLYCOLYSIS (2 ATP from 1 glucose) therefore tumor cells take up MORE glucose than normal cells |
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How would you detect/locate metasteses of cancer?
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use a CT/PET scan to detect uptake of radioactive labelled glucose [FLUDEOXYGLUCOSE (18F)] to detect tumors
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Benign tumor of glandular or ductal epithelium
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adenoma
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malignant tumor derived from glandular or ductal epithelium but these neoplasms are specific to a particular anatomic site
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adenocarcinoma
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benign form of mesenchymal neoplasm
malignant form end with ? |
-oma = benign
-malignant = sarcoma+ |
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malignancies of epithelial cells (cells with basement membranes) are called ?
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CARCINOMA
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sarcomas typically spread by ?
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blood (hematogenously)
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what is benign smooth muscle called?
Malignant? |
leiomyOMA
leiomyoSARCOMA |
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skeletal muscle benign
malignant? |
rhabdomyOMA
rhabdomyoSARCOMA |
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blood vessels benign
malignant? |
hemangiOMA
angioSARCOMA |
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Nerve sheath benign?
malignant? |
schwannoma
malignant schwannoma |
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nerve cells benign
malignant? |
neuroma, ganglioma
neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma |
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REMEMBER
neoplasms of the nervous system - derived from neuroectoderm malignant = -OMA |
REMEMBER
neoplasms of the nervous system - derived from neuroectoderm malignant = -OMA |
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True or False
Germ cell neoplasms arise from pleuripotent stem cells which differentiate into cell lines of MORE THAN ONE DERMAL (ecto/meso/endo) origin an thus contain one or more types of mature tissues. |
True
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germ cell without differentiation
malignant male malignant females |
seminoma (males)
dysgerminoma (females) |
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placenta benign
malignant |
hydatidiform mole
choriocarcinoma |
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mature tissues (mixture of brain, gut, skin, and/or lung)
benign malignant |
mature teratoma
immature teratoma |
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malignant neoplasms of MYELOID or LYMPHOID hematopoietic stem cells
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Leukemia
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? leukemia is composed of very IMMATURE cells (blasts) and RAPIDLY PROGRESSIVE (kills fast).
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acute leukemia
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? leukemia is composed of mature cells and clinical course is usually indolent or prolonged.
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chronic leukemia
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? is the malignancies of lymphocytes which form solid tissue masses and usually do not spill over into the peripheral blood although they frequently involve the bone marrow
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lymphoma
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what is the classic diagnostic feature of HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA?
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Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells
-giant usually multinucleated cells with large red nucleoli |
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True or False
Hodgkin's lymphoma is ALWAYS malignant |
true
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If a patient has a depression of B-cell types
what type of Lymphoma do they have? |
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
B or T lymphocyte depression Hodgkin's lymphoma T lymphocyte depression |
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Which type of lymphoma is primarily found in lymph nodes?
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Hodgkin's lymphoma
--Non-Hodgkins lymphoma can have a primary site other than lymph nodes such as oropharynx, gut, bone marrow, or skin |
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? is malignant proliferation of plasma cells (transformed B cells)
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Multiple myeloma
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Multiple Myeloma are usually found ?
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usually remains in the BONE MARROW
--cause lytic lesions (holes) in the bones |
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what are BENCE-JONES PROTEINS?
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Multiple Myeloma
--plasma cells secrete monoclonal kappa or lambda chains that are detected in the urine SEEN IN AMYLOIDOSIS of the AL type |
