Ce 3510 Midterm 1 Study Material

Front 1

Is Steel a Solid?

Back 1

Steel can be all phases depending on temperature and pressure of environment

Front 2

Define and Identify the elastic limit for an elastic-plastic material

Back 2

The maximum stress below which a material will fully recover its original shape and size upon removal of the applied loads. Or the greatest stress that can be applied without causing a permanent or plastic deformation.

Front 3

Define and Identify the proportional limit for an elastic-plastic material

Back 3

The maximum stress below which the stress-strain relation is linear, that is the straight line on the stress-strain curve.

Front 4

Define two useful quantitative measures for measuring the ductility of elastic-plastic materials.

Back 4

Quantitative Measures:

(i) % reduction in the cross sectional area under tensile loading = (original area - area under fracture/ original area of cross section)*100

(ii) % elongation at fracture = ((final length - original length)/original length) * 100

Front 5

Name the primary rocks that provide aggregates. Which kind of rock produces 'marble' material?

Back 5

Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic. Metamorphic rock produces 'marble' material

Front 6

Define the four primary moisture conditions of aggregates. Give at least two important reasons for knowing these conditions for an aggregate before using it to make concretes.

Back 6

The four primary moisture conditions for aggregates are:

Oven Dry, Air Dry, Saturated Surface Dry, and Wet.

Reasons for knowing these conditions include:

(i) to adjust the water/cement ratio

(ii) to know the dry volume of aggregate

(iii) to have an estimate of freeze-than resistance

Front 7

Define Oven Dry aggregate moisture condition

Back 7

Oven dried having no moisture either on the surface or within the aggregate.

Front 8

Define Air Dry aggregate moisture condition

Back 8

No moisture on the surface but containing some moisture within the aggregate.

Front 9

Define Saturated Surface Dry aggregate moisture condition

Back 9

All pores within the particle filled with water but surface remains dry

Front 10

Define Wet aggregate moisture condition

Back 10

All pores are filled with particles, and surface is also wet.

Front 11

Define the abrasion phenomenon in aggregates, and why it is important to measure it.

Back 11

Mechanical Weaving and scraping of rocks/aggregate surfaces by friction, impact. Measure of it is important to estimate skid resistance of the pavements.

Front 12

Define Ductility

Back 12

The percent reduction in cross-sectional area at fracture (Original Cross sectional area - Fracture Crosss Sectional area/ Original Cross Sectional area)

Front 13

Define Yield Point Stress

Back 13

Marks the end of elastic behavior and the beginning of plastic behavior.

Front 14

Define Ultimate Stress

Back 14

Maximum Stress a specimen can reach before it starts to show symptoms of failure

Front 15

Define Fracture Stress

Back 15

Stress at which the specimen fails entirely

Front 16

What are some main metals and alloys used in Civil Engineering practice?

Back 16

Copper, aluminum, titanium, nickel, and the alloys of each one

Front 17

What are the four types of materials?

Back 17

Solids, Liquids, Gasses, and Plasma

Front 18

What are the four classes of materials?

Back 18

Metals and alloys, ceramics and glasses, polymers and polymer based, and Composites.

Front 19

What are some examples of Ceramics and Glasses?

Back 19

Cement, Concrete, Alumina, Magnesia, Silica, Silicon Carbide, Silicon Nitride.

Front 20

What is the most used material for civil infrastructure?

Back 20

Concrete

Front 21

What is the second most used material for civil infrastructure?

Back 21

Steel

Front 22

What is unique about the characteristics of Concrete?

Back 22

It has a mysterious chemistry, is able to withstand high temperature, and has poor tensile strength.

Front 23

What class of material is concrete?

Back 23

Concrete is a composite material

Front 24

What did Composites used to be called in the 60's?

Back 24

Alloys

Front 25

What are the Four general Steps in the study of materials?

Back 25

Ingredients

Manufacture

Property Characterization - have to consider failures

Structured Analysis

Front 26

What are the Classes of properties?

Back 26

Bulk Mechanical Properties

Bulk Non-Mechanical Properties

Other Properties

Aesthetic Properties

Production Properties

Surface Properties

Front 27

What are some examples of Bulk Mechanical Properties?

Back 27

Density, Modulus, Compressive Strength, Shear Strength, Creep Strength, etc.

Front 28

What are some examples of Bulk Non-Mechanical Properties?

Back 28

Thermal properties, electrical properties, chemical properties, magnetic properties

Front 29

What are some examples of Surface properties?

Back 29

Oxidation and corrosion, friction, abrasion, wear

Front 30

What are some examples of Production Properties?

Back 30

Ease of Manufacture, Fabrication, Joining, Finishing

Front 31

What are some examples of Aesthetic Properties?

Back 31

Appearance, Texture, Feel

Front 32

What are some examples of Other properties? (Not one of the core 5)

Back 32

Reliability, Environment Friendly, Recyclability

Front 33

What is the formula for Longitudinal/axial/normal stress?

Back 33

(P/A) = (P/((pi/4)*doriginal^(2)))

A = Original Cross Sectional Area

Front 34

What are the units for psi, ksi, pa, and Mpa

Back 34

pa= N/m^(2)

Mpa= N/mm^(2)

psi= lb/in^(2)

ksi= kip/in^(2)

Front 35

What is the formula for Axial Deformation?

Back 35

Change in length, or L1 - Lo

Front 36

What is the formula for Axial/Longitudinal/Normal Strain?

Back 36

Eaxial = (l1 - lo)/lo (unitless)

E should be epsilon but I couldn't change it on cram

Front 37

What is the sign of tensile stress and strain in tension? What about compressive stress and strain in compression?

Back 37

Tension and Tensile = (+)

Compression and Compressive = (-)

Front 38

What is the formula for strain in the lateral/transverse direction?

Back 38

(dnew - do)/do or change in diameter

Front 39

What does the letter E represent on the stress-strain curve and what is the formula for it?

Back 39

E represents the slope of the stress strain curve, so the formula is (change in stress/ change in strain) or just stress/strain.

E also represents Young's Modulus, Elastic Modulus, and Modulus of Elasticity.

Front 40

Define Strain

Back 40

The ratio between the change in length (delta L) and the length over which the change is measured (L), called Gage Length.

Front 41

What is Newtons First Law?

Back 41

Every body continues in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless it is acted on by a force

Front 42

What is Newtons Second Law?

Back 42

Force = Mass * Acceleration

Front 43

What is Newtons Third Law?

Back 43

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

Front 44

Define Ultimate Stress

Back 44

Highest Point on the stress-strain curve, also called the strength of the material

Front 45

What are several different types of stresses?

Back 45

Axial

Front 46

Define Stress

Back 46

The measure of a force acting on a unit area of an imaginary section through a body.

Front 47

Define Shear Deformation

Back 47

Change in Length measured parallel to the direction of shear forces

Front 48

Define Shear Strain

Back 48

Shear deformation per unit length measured perpendicular to the direction of the shear forces

Front 49

Define Poissons Ratio

Back 49

The ratio of lateral strain (normal to the axial direction) to axial strain (wen laded along the axis).

The poissons ratio of most materials of construction ranges between 0.15 and 0.40.

Front 50

Define Stiffness

Back 50

A relative measure of the deformability of a material under load.

The stiffness of a material is measured in terms of its modulus of elasticity.

Front 51

Define Elasticity

Back 51

The property of a material that enables it to change its length, volume, or form in direct response to an applied force, and to recover its original size or form when the land is completely removed.

Front 52

Define Elastic Limit

Back 52

The maximum stress below which a material will fully recover its original form upon the removal of applied forces

Front 53

Define Proportional Limit

Back 53

The maximum stress below which the ratio between stress and strain is constant

Front 54

Define Yielding Point

Back 54

Point on the stress-strain curve where the stress is constant but the material is stretching without increase in load

Front 55

Define Ultimate Strength

Back 55

The maximum stress that can be applied to a material before it fractures

Front 56

Modulus of Elasticity

Back 56

Ratio of stress to strain below the proportional limit

There are three moduli of elasticity, which corresponds to three types of stresses: Modulus of elasticity in tension, compression, and torsion.

If in tension or compression, Modulus of Elasticity is referred to as Youngs Modulus

Front 57

Define Ductility

Back 57

Measure of plastic deformation after the yield-point.

Property of a material that allows it to undergo change of form without breaking

Examples: Wrought iron, Steel, Copper

Front 58

What are three ways to measure Ductility?

Back 58

% change in the length of the fracture

% change in the cross sectional area of the fracture

% change in the diameter of the fracture

Front 59

Define Brittleness

Back 59

No approachable plastic deformation and sudden failure/fracture.

Little or no plasticity

Examples: Glass, Ceramics, Concretes, Ore

Front 60

What is G and what is it's formula?

Back 60

G is the shear modulus

Formula: G = (E/(2(1+v(poissons ratio))), for isotropic materials

Front 61

What is G (Shear Modulus) if the poissons ration is = -1

Back 61

G is infinity which means that the object is completely rigid and shear loadings don't affect it

Front 62

Define Plasticity

Back 62

The property of a material that enables it to retain permanent set of deformation without fracture

Front 63

Define Toughness

Back 63

The ability of a material to support loads even after yielding or crack formation

Front 64

If material A has a greater modulus of elasticity compared to material B, which has the greater stiffness.

Back 64

Material A has the greater stiffness because stiffness is correlated with the slope of a material before the yield point

Front 65

If material A has a weaker stress than material B, which material is stronger?

Back 65

Material B is stronger because it takes more of a load to change the materials elastic behavior

Front 66

What Surface properties are Softness and Hardness be related to?

Back 66

Scratching, Wear, and Indentation

Front 67

How is toughness measured?

Back 67

As a function of the total area under the stress-strain curve of a material

Front 68

What are the primary functions in the selection of materials?

Back 68

Carry the Prescribed Loads

Satisfy and Service ability requirements

Be Economical

Be Environmentally Acceptable

Be Aesthetically Pleasing

*Refer to Flow Chart in Chapter 1 of notes

Front 69

What are the agencies that help to create the ASTM standards?

Back 69

ANSI (American National Standards Institute)

NFPA (National Forecast Products Association)

PCA (Portland Cement Association)

ACI (American Concrete Institute)

AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute)

BIA (Brick Institute of America)

7???????

Front 70

Define Aggregate (must remember, will be on exam)

Back 70

A granular material such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, or iron blasted furnace slag used with a cementing media to form mortar, concrete, used as a base course, or railroad ballast.

Front 71

What are the classifications of aggregates?

Back 71

Course and fine aggregates

Front 72

What are the types of aggregates?

Back 72

Crushed stone, gravel, and sand

Front 73

Define Fine aggregate

Back 73

Natural or Manufactured Particles

Size range: 0.006 in (150um) to 3/16 in (4.75mm)

Size range in concrete construction: Predominant particles of size smaller than 3/16 inch and larger than 0.0028 in (75 um)

Example: Sand

Front 74

Define Coarse aggregates

Back 74

Rounded River Gravel, Crushed Stone, and Manufactured Aggregate.

Size range: larger than 3/16 of an inch

Front 75

Define Gravel

Back 75

Natural rounded aggregate larger than 1/4 in (6.35 mm) to 1.5 in. It can occasionally be 2.5 to 3 inches.

Front 76

Define Crushed Gravel

Back 76

A fine aggregate made by crushing the gravel

Front 77

What are the three aggregate sizes according to weight?

Back 77

Heavy weight, Normal Weight, and Light Weight aggregates

Front 78

Define Normal Weight Aggregates

Back 78

Crushed stone, gravel, and sand for normal weight concretes, asphalt concretes, and roadway surface.

Unit weight: 1520 kg/m^(3) to 1680 kg/m^(3)

Specific Gravity: 2.6 to 2.65

Front 79

Define Heavy Weight Aggregates

Back 79

Heavy weight concretes for protection against nuclear radiation and as bomb shelters, etc....

Specific gravity: 4-7.7

Unit Weight: 2400 kg/m^(3) to 6400 kg/m^(3)

Front 80

Define Light Weight aggregates

Back 80

Light weight concretes, light weight roof slabs or floors.

Unit Weight: 880 kg/m^(3) - 1120 kg/m^(3)

Front 81

What are some types of Normal weight aggregates?

Back 81

Normal: sands, gravel, crushed rock, granite, quartz, syenite, basalt, sandstone, and limestone

Artificial: Broken Brick, Pulverized Concrete, Air-cooled Blast furnace slag (silicates and aluminates of calcium)

Front 82

What are some types of Light Weight aggregates?

Back 82

Normal: Pumice (Volcanic glass; whitish grey to yellow in color, grown red and black porous structure.) Volcanic Sorra (Pores Larger than that in pumice and is a red-black color)

Artificial: Furnace Clinker, Foamed slag, expanded clay, shale, slate, perritre, clay, pulverized fuel ash, and vermicalite

Front 83

What are some types of Heavy Weight aggregates?

Back 83

Magnetite

Iron Shot or Setup Iron

Barite

Front 84

Define Rocks

Back 84

Mixtures of several mineral

Front 85

What are the three types of rock?

Back 85

Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic

Front 86

Define Minerals

Back 86

Natural occurring chemical element or compound with a definite crystalline structure and distinctive physical properties

Front 87

What are some of the most common rock minerals?

Back 87

Feldspars (most common group, abundant in crust), Quartz, Kaolimite, Muscovite, and calcite

Front 88

Define Igneous Rocks

Back 88

Formed by cooling and hardening of molten magma. Earths crust contains about 90% igneous rocks.

Important igneous rocks: Granites, Basalts, Pumice, Scoria, and Rhyolite

Mineral Composition of Granite is principally FELDSPARS

Potassium aluminum silicates, sodium aluminum silicates, and more

Front 89

Define Sedimentary Rocks

Back 89

Rocks formed by the accumulation or deposit of transported fragments, followed by consolidation. Earth's crust contains approximately 5% of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks and exposed rocks are approximately 75% sedimentary.

Transportation Media: Water, Ice, Wind

Common Rocks Include: sandstone, limestones, shales, quartz, among others

Front 90

Define Metamorphic Rocks

Back 90

Metamorphosis (alteration) of sedimentary and/or igneous rocks from heat, pressure, or both.

Metamorphic rocks include: schist, gneiss, slate, and marble

Front 91

What are some important properties of aggregates?

Back 91

Bulk density, porosity, voids, absorbtion, Modulus of Elasticity, Moisture Content, Shrinkage, Gradation and Fineness Modulus, Chemical Reactivity, Compressive Strength, Surface Texture, Particle Shape.

Front 92

Define Surface Texture

Back 92

Glassy, smooth, granular, rough, crystalline, honeycomb, and porous

Front 93

Define particle shape

Back 93

Rounded, irregular, flakey, angular, elongated, etc...

Front 94

Deleterious Substance

Back 94

Whatever materials that will physically or chemically react with portland cement, concrete, or asphalt concrete and create undesirable results such as volume change, cracking, retarding of setting time, reduction of strength, etc.

Deleterious substances include organic coating, fine dust (material passing # 200 sieve), clay lump, shale, coal particles, friable particles (easy to crumble), inert(which may break up when exposed to freezing and thaw cycles), soft particles, etc.

Front 95

What should a normal aggregates range of void content be?

Back 95

30 - 50 %

Front 96

What is the formula for void %

Back 96

Specific gravity*(Density of water - Bulk Density)/(Specific gravity * Density of Water)*100

Front 97

Define Voids

Back 97

Amount of air space in the aggregate or space between particles

voids = total volume - solid volume of particles

void content = % of gross volume, = % of (solid volume + volume of voids)

Front 98

Define Porosity

Back 98

Most varieties of granite and limestone have very low porosity ~ 1 %

Most sandstones have high porosity - 5 - 30 %

A few types of limestone and sandstone have very high porosity?

Front 99

Do rocks obey hookes law?

Back 99

No, most rocks do not obey hookes law

Generally the compressive strength of aggregates is greater than the compressive strength of concrete made with aggregates

Front 100

What are some other properties of Rocks?

Back 100

Abrasion Resistance & Wear Resistance, Abrasion, Hardness

Front 101

Define abrasion resistance and wear resistance

Back 101

Important property to determine suitability for use in roads and pavements

Front 102

Define Abrasion

Back 102

Mechanical Wearing and scraping of rocks surfaces by friction, impact, or both

Front 103

Define Hardness

Back 103

Measure of the resistance to deformation, indentation, or scratching

Front 104

Define Fracture Toughness

Back 104

Measure of resistance to fracture under applied loading, slow loading, or impact loading.

Limestones have lower fracture tougness than those of sandstone or granite

Front 105

What is the definition of Gradation of Aggregates

Back 105

Grain Size distribution.

Important Properties that affects: Mix proportions, workability, economy, porosity, Durability, and shrinkage of ??????

Properties: ??????????

Front 106

What must the properties of aggregates in concrete and highway construction be?

Back 106

Must Be: clean, hard, strong, durable, free of chemicals and fine materials coatings, and non reactive to other materials of construction.

Front 107

Define Grading

Back 107

Process that determines the particle-size distribution

Front 108

Define Blending

Back 108

Process of combining aggregates of various sizes to obtain a specified grading

Front 109

Define Dense Grading aggregates

Back 109

Aggregate with a grain-size distribution such that when compacted, the resulting voids between aggregate particles, expressed as percentages of the total space occupied by the materials are RELATIVELY SMALL

Front 110

Define Open Graded Aggregates

Back 110

Aggregate with a grain-size distribution such that when compacted, the resulting voids between aggregate particles, expressed as a percentage of the total space occupied by the material are RELATIVELY LARGE

Front 111

Define Gap Graded Aggregates

Back 111

Aggregate in which one or more intermediate sizes are missing

Front 112

Define One sized aggregates

Back 112

Aggregate that is pretty much one size throughout

Front 113

What is a Sieve?

Back 113

Apparatus with square openings, 8" diameter, or 203 mm diameter.

Front 114

What are the standard coarse aggregate sieves?

Back 114

NO. 4, 3/8, 1/2, 1, 3/2, 2 (all in inches)

Front 115

What are the Standard Fine Aggregate Sieves?

Back 115

No. 100, 50, 30, 16, 8, 4 (sometimes No. 200)

Front 116

Define Fineness Modulus

Back 116

A measure of average particle size of the sample, suppose it is 3.0 using the previous slides sieve sizes, then the average size of the sample is the 3rd sieve from the bottom, which is no. 30

Front 117

What is the Uniformity Coefficient?

Back 117

Steepness of grading curve

Front 118

What is the coefficient of curvature?

Back 118

The shape of the central portion of the curve

Front 119

What is the Max aggregate Size in sieve analysis?

Back 119

The smallest sieve opening through which the entire sample passes

Front 120

What is the normal max size in sieve analysis?

Back 120

The smallest sieve opening through which most (NOT ALL) the particles pass, about 5 % by weight may still be retained on this sieve