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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Descriptive or systemic anatomy
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the body is considered as being composed of a number of systems, each consisting of rather homogeneous tissues which exhibit some peculiar functional unity
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Regional or topographical anatomy
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deals promarily with the structuarl relationships of the various parts of the body
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Applied or practical anatomy
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concerned with the application of anatomy to a specialized field, such as surgery
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Microscopic anatomy
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concerned with the deatils of structure as revealed through the microscope
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Developmental anatomy
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specializes in the growth of the organism from the single cell to birth
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Geriatric anatomy
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investigates the morphophysiology of the aged
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Anthropological anatomy
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deals with the anatomic feartures of peoples and with the natural history of various races and ethnic groups
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Artistic anatomy
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the study of external morphology of the living body for purposes of artistic representation
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comparative anatomy
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the study of the structure and the compariative structures of all living organisms
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Animal physiology
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deals lwith the functions of living animals as a whole
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Applied physiology
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physiological knowledge is applied to problems in medicine and industry
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Cellular physiology
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the physiology of life processes of individual cells or small groups of cells is studied
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Experimental physiology
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experiments are carried out in a lab with animals or human subjects
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Pathologic physiology
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the study of functions that have been modified by disease processes
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special physiology
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physiology of particular organs
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Vegetable physiology
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physiology of plants
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Ventral
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away from the backbone or toward the front of the body
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Dorsal
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toward the backbone, or away from the front of the body
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Anterior
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toward the front or away from the back (same as ventral)
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Posterior
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toward the back, or away from the front (same as dorsal)
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Superficial
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toward the surface
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Deep
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away from the surface
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Superior
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upper
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Inferior
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lower
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Cranial
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toward the head
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Caudal
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toward the tail, away from the head
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External
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toward the outer surface
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Interal
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toward the inner surface
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Medial
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toward the axis or midline
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Lateral
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away from the axis or midline
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Proximal
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toward the body or toward the root of the extremity
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Distal
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away from the body or the root of a free extremity
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Central
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situated at the center
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Peripheral
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toward the outward surface or part
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Sagittal plane
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divides the body into right and left halves
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Frontal plane
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parallel to the forehead - cuts body into front and back parts
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Transverse plane
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divides the body into upper and lower halves
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Epithelial tissue
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sheets of tissue that cover the external surface of the body
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Cell shape / # of layers of epithelial tissue
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squamous (flat, pavement like) columnar (rodlike) cuboidal (cubes) simple (single layer) stratified (several layers)
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Endothelial tissue
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the inner lining of the walls of the blood and lymph vessels - smooth surface
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Mesothelial tissue
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lines the primary body cavities
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Areolar tissue
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very loose - cells lie in an irregular network of fibers
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Adipose tissue
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very similar to areolar, but very fatty - found just beneath the skin
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Tendons
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tough, nonelastic, attaches muscles to bone, cartilage, or bone to cartilage
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Ligaments
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more elastic than tendons - join bone to bone, bone to cartilage, and cartilage to cartilage
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Fascia
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dense fibrous connective tissues that are not tendons or ligaments
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Reticular tissue
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a very delicate matrix of cells which have processes that extend in all directions to join the processes of neighboring cells
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Cartilage
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Tears easily but can withstand a massive amount of compression
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Hyaline Cartilage
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bluish-white translucent material at first - covers the articular surfaces of joints and forms the framework for the lower respiratory tract
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Elastic cartilage
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large amounts of elastic fibers - yellow and opaque - flexible and elastic and is almost rubbery
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Synarthrodial joints
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immovable joint
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Amphiarthrodial joints
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slightly movable joint
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Diarthrodial joint
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freely moving joint
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3 types of muscle tissue
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striated (skeletal), smooth (visceral), cardiac (heart)
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2 basic functions of muscles
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relax and contract
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3 types of muscle architecture
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parallel, radiating, and pennate
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Electromyography
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EMG - muscle contractions
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Muscles are activated by...
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groups of nerve axons which constitute motor nerves
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Muscles construct the fuel for the activity from materials which reach them through...
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the arteries
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Breathing
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considered as a physical process of gas exchange - it is driven by the chemical process of the role of oxygen in body metabolism
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Ventilation
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air movement in and out
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Boyle's Law
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if gas is kept at constant temp, pressure and volume are inversely proportional to each other and have a constant product - pv=k - if volume decreases, the pressure increases
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Positive pressure
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>atmospheric (760 mm Hg)
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Negative pressure
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<atmospheric (760 mm Hg)
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Respiratory tract from top of head down
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nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharyngeal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs - larynx divides upper and lower tracts - warms, filters air
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Larynx
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serves as a protective device - cartilage
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Trachea
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extends from larynx to the bronchi - made of hyaline cartilage rings separated by fibroelastic membrane - 11-12 cm long - 2-2.5 cm in diameter - lined by mucous membrane
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Bronchi
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main stem connects trachea to lung - cartilage rings - r and l bronchi divide into secondary which divide into tertiary each of which supplies a lung segment - then divide to bronchioles then terminal bronchioles then alveolar ducts which lead to air sacs of lung
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Alveoli
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small depressions in walls of terminal bronchiales and air sacs - 70-90 sq. meters in area - 1000 miles of capillaries - lined by type 1 epithelial cells and phagocytic cells
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Lungs
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located in thorax - irregular, conical, elastic, passive - 1/4 to 1/3 of elasticity is from tissue
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Thin pulmonary alveolar epithelium
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lines alveoli - secretes moisture - have air-liquid interface - this causes surface tension which causes the lining to try and shorten and resist further stretching
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Surface tension causes...
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tendency of alveoli to collapse, produces about 2/3 of elasticity of lung tissue
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Pulmonary surfactant
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produced by type 2 alveolar cells reduces surface tension by 5-10 times
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Lung characteristics
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white at birth - attached to body by their roots and pulmonary ligaments
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3 regions of lungs
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apex (top), base (bottom), costal and mediastinal surfaces (middleish)
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