Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
The science of human development seeks to understand?
|
How and why people – all kinds of people, everywhere, of every age – change over time
|
|
|
Developmental study is considered a?
|
Science
|
|
|
One hallmark of the science of human development is?
|
That it is interdisciplinary: Meaning scientists from many academic disciplines contribute to our understanding of how and why people grow
|
|
|
The science that seeks to understand how and why people of all ages and circumstances change or remain the same over time is called?
|
Science of human development
|
|
|
A way to answer questions using empirical research and data – based conclusions is called?
|
Scientific method
|
|
|
A comprehensive set of ideas is called?
|
Theory
|
|
|
A scientific prediction that can be tested is called?
|
Hypothesis
|
|
|
What is called when your findings are based on observation, experience, or experiment, not theatrical?
|
Empirical
|
|
|
To discard unexamined opinions and to rein in personal biases, we follow the five steps of what process?
|
Scientific method
|
|
|
What is the first step of using scientific method out of the five steps?
|
Begin with curiosity .
(On the basis of theory, prior research, or personal observation, pose a question) |
|
|
What is the second step of using scientific method out of the five steps?
|
Develop a hypothesis.
(Shape the question into a hypothesis, a specific prediction to be examined.) |
|
|
What is the third step of using scientific method out of the five steps?
|
Test the hypothesis.
(Design conduct research together empirical evidence "data") |
|
|
What is the fourth step of using scientific method out of the five steps?
|
Analyze data and draw conclusions
(Determine whether the evidence supports the hypothesis) |
|
|
What is the fifth step of using scientific method out of the five steps?
|
Report the results.
Share the data, procedures, statistics, conclusions and alternative explanations. |
|
|
Repeating a study, usually using different participants is called?
|
Replication
|
|
|
Is the method of replication foolproof? |
No it is not foolproof
|
|
|
Replication is needed to verify?
|
Conclusions |
|
|
What term refers to the influence of genes that people inherit?
|
Nature
|
|
|
What term refers to environmental influences, which begin with the health and diet of the embryo's mother and continue lifelong, including the impacts of family, school, community, and culture?
|
Nurture
|
|
|
Nature – nurture debate: Some people believe that most traits are inborn, that children are? |
Innately good or bad
|
|
|
Nature – nurture debate:
Other people stress nurture, crediting or blaming? |
Parents
neighborhoods drugs etc |
|
|
Nature – nurture debate:
Neither believe is accurate. What is the appropriate answer to this debate? |
Both genes and the environment affect every characteristic: Nature always affects nurture, and nurture affects nature.
|
|
|
In development, which term refers to the traits, capacities, and limitations that each individual inherits genetically from his or her parents at the moment of conception?
|
Nature
|
|
|
In development, which term includes all the environmental influences that affect the individual after conception. This includes everything from the mother's nutrition while pregnant to the implicit values of the nation?
|
Nurture
|
|
|
What term is the idea that people vary in how sensitive they are to particular experiences. Often such differences are genetic, which makes some people affected "for the better and worse" by life events.
|
Differential susceptibility
|
|
|
What are some examples of differential susceptibility?
|
A baby with colic
Marital conflict in front of kids |
|
|
To make it easier to study, development is often considered in three domains. What are these?
|
Biosocial
Cognitive Psychosocial |
|
|
What does biosocial development include?
|
(Biology, neuroscience, and medicine)
includes all the growth and change that occur in a person's body in the genetic, nutritional, and health factors that affect that growth and change as well as motor skills |
|
|
What does cognitive development include?
|
(psychology, linguistics, and education) includes all the mental processes that a person uses to obtain knowledge or to think about the environment. |
|
|
What does psychosocial include?
|
(Economics, sociology, and history)
includes development of emotions, temperament, and social skills. Family, friends, the community, the culture, and the larger society are particularly central to this domain |
|
|
What developmental theory did Sigmund Freud and Jean Piaget agree on?
|
The final stage of development began in early adolescence and then continued without significant change until death
|
|
|
Scientists no longer assume that development is either totally genetic or totally environmental. Instead what do they believe?
|
Nature and nurture always interact, with variations between one person and another, as highlighted by differential susceptibility
|
|
|
A human tendency to observe differences and then conclude that people are inferior if they are unlike the observer is called the? |
Difference – equals – deficit error
|
|
|
Cultural, ethnicity, and race are ______________
____________________, which means that they are created by society. These are powerful, affecting thoughts and behavior, but since they arise from society, they can be changed by society. |
Social constructions
|
|
|
What is the term for a system of shared beliefs, norms, behaviors, and expectations that persist over time and prescribe social behavior and assumptions.
|
Culture
|
|
|
What is the term for an idea that is built on shared perceptions, not on objective reality?
|
Social Construction
|
|
|
What is the term for people whose ancestors were born in the same region and who often share a language, culture, and religion? |
Ethnic group
|
|
|
Why is ethnic group not the same as a cultural group?
|
People of a particular ethnicity need not share a culture and some cultures include people of several ethnic groups
|
|
|
Ethnicity is social construction, affected by the?
|
Social content
|
|
|
For everyone, ethnic identity is strength in by what two factors?
|
(1 ) other members of the same group are nearby
(2) other groups consider the person an outsider |
|
|
Physical appearance is sometimes a marker for?
|
Ethnicity
|
|
|
What is the term for a person's position in society as determined by income, occupation, education, and place of residence?
(Sometimes called social class.) |
Socioeconomic status (SES)
|
|
|
When governments categorize people they rely almost exclusively on?
|
Income
|
|
|
What is an example of discontinuity in human development?
|
Change can occur rapidly and dramatically |
|
|
What is an example of continuity in human development?
|
Growth can be gradual and sometimes no change seems to occur
|
|
|
Some changes are sudden and profound because of a __________ _____________ , a time when something must occur for normal development or the only time when an abnormality can occur.
|
Critical Period |
|
|
What term is "A time when a certain type of development is most likely, although it may still happen later with more difficulty"?
|
Sensitive Period
|
|
|
Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917 – 2005) recommended that developmentalists take what approach to understand humans?
|
Ecological – systems approach
|
|
|
What is an example of a microsystem?
|
(Immediate, direct influences) Each persons in the immediate surroundings, such as family and peer group |
|
|
What is an example of exosystem?
|
Local institutions such as school and church
|
|
|
What is an example of a macrosystem?
|
A larger social setting, including cultural values, economic policies, and political processes
|
|
|
What are the two other systems that are related to the three ecological systems?
|
Mesosystem and Chronosystem
|
|
|
Bronfenbrenner believed that people need to be studied in what situations?
|
In their natural contexts repeatedly over time
|
|
|
All persons born within a few years of one another are called a?
|
Cohort
|
|
|
What is the term that denotes two complimentary aspects of development: Human traits can be molded (as plastic can be), and yet people maintain a certain durability (as plastic does)? |
Plasticity
|
|
|
What term is the idea behind the approach that human development is ongoing, ever-changing interaction between the individual and all the systems?
|
Dynamic – systems approach
|
|
|
What term is a method of testing a hypothesis by unobtrusively watching and recording participants behavior in a systematic and objective manner – in a natural setting, in a laboratory, or in searches of archival data?
|
Scientific observation
|
|
|
What term is a method to determine cause and effect. Researchers control the participants and the interventions, which makes it easier to understand what causes what, for whom?
|
Experiment
|
|
|
What term is an experiment, the variable that is introduced to see what effect it has on the dependent variable?
|
Independent variable
|
|
|
What term is an experiment, the variable that may change as a result of whatever new condition or situation the experimenter adds?
|
Dependent variable
|
|
|
The _____________ variable depends on the _______________ variable.
|
Dependent
Interdependent |
|
|
What term is a research method in which information is collected from a large number of people by interviews, written questionnaires, or some other means?
|
Survey
|
|
|
What term is an in depth study of one person, usually requiring personal interviews to collect background information and various follow – up discussions, tests, questionnaires, and so on?
|
Case Study
|
|
|
What is the quickest and least expensive way to study development over time which occurs in groups of people of one age that are compared with groups of people of another age?
|
Cross – sectional research
|
|
|
What research requires collecting data repeatedly in the same individuals as they age?
|
Longitudinal research
|
|
|
Scientists have found a third strategy of research which combines cross-sectional and longitudinal research and is also referred to as cohortsequential or time – sequential research?
|
Cross – sequential research
|
|
|
What term is a set of moral principles or guidelines the members of the profession or group are expected to follow?
|
Code of ethics
|
