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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cephalocaudal
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-Top to bottom
-Head to bottom -Size, weight, and feature differentiation tends to start at the head and move down |
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Proximodistal
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-The middle part of the body develops quicker than the outer part of the body
-Center out -Growth starts at the middle or center and moves out toward the extremities |
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What is the leading cause of death in infancy?
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Accidents
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Accidents are the leading cause of death in infancy. Name the six most common accidents listed in the notes.
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-Aspiration of foreign objects
-Suffocation -Falls -Poisoning -Burns -Motor vehicle accidents |
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Name the average height and weight of a newborn baby.
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-20 inches long
-7.5 pounds |
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Fill in the blanks. 95% of newborns are between ____ and ____ inches and between ____ and ____ pounds.
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-18-22 inches
-5.5-10 pounds |
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What percent of their body weight do infants lose before they adjust to neonatal feeding?
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-They loose 5-6% of their body weight
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Infants gain __ to __ ounces per week in their first month.
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-5 to 6 ounces
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Infants double their birth rate by ____ months.
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-4
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Infants triple their birth weight by their ___ birthday.
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-1st
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Infants grow ____ inch per month.
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-1
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By their first birthday, infants are ____ times their birth weight.
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-1.5
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By age 2, infants typically weigh __ to __ pounds.
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-26 to 32
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Infants gain about __ pound(s) per month from age 1-2
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-.5
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At age two, infants are ____ percent of their final body weight.
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-20%
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At age 2, infants have reached ____ percent of their final height.
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-50%
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At age two, infants are typically ____ inches.
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-32-35
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Neuron
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-A nerve cell that handles information processing at a cellular level
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What are the three processes of development of Neurons?
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-Cell production
-Cell migration -Cell elaboration |
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What is cell production?
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-Most cells are produced 10-26 weeks after conception
-250,000 are produced per minute |
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What is cell migration?
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-It is the movement of cells from the brain where neurons are produced to their appropriate locations
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What is cell elaboration?
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-Axons (carries info away from the neuron and dendrites(part that collects info) grow and form connections
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What is an Axon? How long (meters) are they?
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-It processes outgoing information. Some can be up to a meter long
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What is a Dendrite?
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-A neurons dendritic tree is connected to a thousand neighboring neurons
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What is a synapse?
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-It is the space between the axon terminal buttons and the dendrite
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What is Myelin?
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-Fatty cells (Schwann cells) that encase and insulate the Axon
-Multiple Sclerosis is a autoimmune disorder. It results in the gradual destruction of myelin sheaths |
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What is the Mylein sheath? Describe Myleinization.
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-Mylein sheath:
-Layer of fat cells that encase most axons -Insulates -Makes the nerve impulses travel faster -Myleinization: -Process begins prenatal and continues after birth -Visual Pathways, Auditory Pathways...some last until adoloescence -Make up most of the weight gain in the brain over the course of development |
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Explain Myleinization's relation to visual pathways.
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-Myleinization is complete by 6 months
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Explain Myleinization's relation to auditory pathways.
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-Myleinization is complete in 4-5 years
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A newborns brain weight is ____ % of an adults brain weight.
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-25
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By the child's 2nd birthday, his/her brainweight is ____ % of an adults brainweight.
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-75
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Name three facts about the development of the brain by age 2.
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-Development is NOT uniform
-Some areas of the brain Myelinate sooner -Language centers of the brain seem to develop especially quicker (left side of brain) |
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What is the forebrain (or cerebral cortex)?
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-Perception language and thinking
-Cap or outer layer of brain -80% of brains volume |
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What are the four main areas of the forebrain (cerebral cortex)? Do not dicuss in full.
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-Occipital lobe
-Frontal lobe -Temporal lobe -Parietal lobe |
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What is the Occipital lobe?
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-It controls the vision
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What is the frontal lobe?
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-It controls voluntary movement and thinking
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What is the temporal lobe?
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-It controls the hearing
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What is the parietal lobe?
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-It processes information about body sensations like touch
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The Cerebral Cortext is divided into ____ hemispheres.
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-2
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What does lateralization mean?
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-It is a word used to describe the specialization of the brains
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What side of the brain is mostly language?
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-The left side of the brain
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The brain develops physically because of ____.
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-Stimulation
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The production of: ____, ____, and ____ are promoted by interaction.
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-Dendrites, axons, and synapses
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What is synaptic pruning?
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-If areas of the brain are not stimulated the brain prunes back those links to make room for links that are more used.
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Newborns sleep an average of ____ to ____ hours per day.
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-16 to 17
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What percentage of infants sleep is REM sleep?
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-50%
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After the first three months, the percentage of sleep that is REM sleep for infants is?
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-40%
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What is SIDS?
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-It is a condition that occurs when an infant stops breathing
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Does SIDS usually occur at night or during the day?
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-At night
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____% of all infant deaths is due to SIDS.
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-13
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__ to __ out of 1000 births; the infant will die of SIDS.
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-1 to 2
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Doctors are unsure if it is ____ or ____ failure that causes SIDS.
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-Respiratory or Cardiac
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Risk for SIDS is at its highests at __ to __ weeks.
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-10-12
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Infants with low birth weight are __ to __ times more likely to die of SIDS.
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-5 to 10
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Twins and triplets even at normal body weight are ____ times more likely to die of SIDS.
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-2
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Infants whose siblings have died of SIDS are __ to __ times more likely to die of SIDS.
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-2-4
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____ percent of children with sleep apnea die of SIDS.
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-6
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African Americans and Eskimos are __ to __ times more likely to die of SIDS.
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-4-6
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SIDS is more common with infants from a lower ____ ____ status.
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-Socioeconomic
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Children who sleep on their ____, rather than their ____ are less likely to die of SIDS>
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-On their back, rather than their stomach
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Infants need ____ calories per day for each pound it weighs. This is more than __ times the amount an adult needs.
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-50, 2
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What age should solids be introduced (hint- months)
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-6 months
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What should be fed to infants, at 6 months, that has a high iron content? How long should this food be continued? (hint-months)
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-Infant cereal, until 18 months
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Marasmus
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-A wasting away of body tissue in the infants first year is caused by severe protein deficiency
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Name for advantages to breast feeding.
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-Clean and digestible
-Immunizations passed on from mother -Babies gain weight faster -Transistions to solid food easier: because of the food flavor variations in mothers milk. |
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What percentage of mothers breast feed?
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-50%
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Name 3 reasons a mother would choose not to breast feed.
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-Social stigma
-Inconvenience -Medical problems: medications and disease |
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Are there long-term pysical or psychological effects from bottle feeding?
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-No
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Does the American Academy of Pediatrics, Infant Care Manual and Parents Magazine suggest breast or bottle feeding?
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-Breast
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At what age is it expected or children to be toilet trained?
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-Age 3
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Readiness for toilet training depends on ____ ____ and ____.
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-Muscular maturity, and motivation
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What type of environment should toilet training be done in?
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-A warm, relaxed, and supportive manner
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Motor Development- Name the Reflexes of infants.
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-Sucking, Rooting, Grasping, Moro, Babinski, Binking, Stepping and Crawling, Swimming, and Tonic neck
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Gross Motor Development- What can infants do at 3-4 months?
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-Roll over
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Gross Motor Development- What can infants do at 4-5 months?
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-Support some weight with their legs
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Gross Motor Development- What can infants do at 7-8 months?
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-They can crawl and stand w/out support
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Gross Motor Development- What can infants do at 10-11 months?
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-They can walk with furniture as support
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Gross Motor Development- What can infants do at 12-13 months?
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-They can walk without assistance
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Gross Motor Development- At 13-15 months, the infant can...
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-Can pull a toy by string, use hands and legs to climb stairs, and ride 4 wheel wagons
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Gross Motor Development- At 18-24 months, the infant can...
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-Walk quickly or run stiffly for a short distance
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Fine Motor Development
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-Control over smaller muscles that control more precise activities like picking up objects
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What are 2 examples of Fine Motor Development in infants?
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-Eye hand coordination
-Stacking blocks |
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Newborns eyesite is about 20/____.
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-600
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By 6 months, infants eyesite is 20/____.
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-100
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By age 1, infants eyesite is 20/____.
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-20
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At what age do infants loose the "visual cliff"? (months)
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-7-8
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At what age does "binocular vision" develop? (months)
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-3-4
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____ is one of the most developed senses at birth?
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-Hearing
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Infants prefer the sound of the ____ ____.
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-Human voice
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Do children prefer higher or lower pitched voices?
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-Higher
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Children can localize sounds by ____ to _____ weeks.
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-8-28
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