Cd Eco T1

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Ecology is the study of

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"study of the relationships btwn organisms and their environ." "study of the abundance and distribution of organisms and the interaction with the biotic and abiotic components of their environment"

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Ecology is not ....

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-environmenalism (though some somes with environ. topics) - solely observation (knowledge of natural history vital, must collect data and address questions)

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Is ecology Quantitative or Qualitative?

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Quantitative --> relies on collection of dat and interpretation. uses scientific method.

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Levels of Ecological Organization

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individuals->populations->interactions->communities->ecosystems->landscapes->regions->global/biosphere

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Fields of Biology

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-population -evolutionary -community -physiological -behavioral -ecosystems -landscape -global -conservation -restoration

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What is the unifying theory of modern biology

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evolution through natural selection

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adaptation

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evol. process, via nat selecfion, that changes phenotype-->resulting in an increased ability of individuals to live in a partiular environ.  ***NOT ACCLIMATION

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criteria for natural selection

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-->organisma reproduce and make like organisms -->variation among individuals -->varition heritable -->more offspring produced than can survive -->varying chances of survival among indiv based on traits

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what is the ultimate recipient of the selection pressure?

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the genetic info for phenotype(genotype)

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5 ways nat sel and ecology are related

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1)pop growth and density 2)pred-prey interaction 3)beneficial interactions 4)competition 5)see how speciation can occur

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phentypic variation among indiv in pop are a result of

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1)envir. conditions 2)genotype

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ecotypes

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locally adapted and genetically distinctive pop within a species

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example of evol. response to pop density

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dispersal under high densitites (schooling/flocking)

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Size differences in prey can lead to

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"disruptive selection on generalist predators-->Leads to diversification

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global scale patterns of air movement lead to

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precipitation patterns and thus the distribution of biomes

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do higher or lower latitudes have greater seasonal climate fluctuation

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higher latitudes (N/S)

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•Biomes –

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"environments which are distinguished primarily by the predominant vegetation associated with particular climates. –Major biogeographic regions of the earth. "

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pacific decadal oscillation

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"•Occurs in the north Pacific
•Operates on a 20-30 year pattern
•Like ENSO, the ultimate causes of the PDO are unknown

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implication of the shifting regime--> "warm" eras

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"- enhanced coastal productivity in Alaska and inhibited productivity off the

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implication of the shifting regime--> "cold" eras

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- the opposite north-south pattern of marine ecosystem productivity west coast of the contiguous United States

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implications of shifting regime FOR economically important organsims example

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migratory Pacific salmon

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what are the 3 substantial differences between aquatic and terrestrial realms?

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-morphological -biochemical -physiologicak (conditions similar to each realm have led to these diff)

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5 imp factors for organ. living in terrestrial environ.

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1)water avail. 2)soils 3)loval/regional climate 4) growing season length 5)human impacts/influence

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living cells contain what %  water by mass

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75-95%

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in forest and prairie systems, how much light energy reaches the soil?

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<10%

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what is chemically and physically weathered to form soils?

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local parent materials

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what determines soil classification

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size and distribution and  characterisitics

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soils typically have what type of horizon

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a distant horizon

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porosity

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water availability

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what do many elements exist as in the soil matrix

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as postive and negative ions

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what is the charge of soils in the the temperate zone?

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mostly negative

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cation exchnge capacity (CPE)

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total number of neg. charged sites in a soil matrix

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whats continuously happening to cations

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being replaced by other cations

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what kind of ion is tightly held onto by soil and harder to repace?

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the smaller the ion and the more positive the charge

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highly weathered or very old soils are typically...

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alumino-silicate clays that are acidic and nutrient deplete

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how much of earth's surface is covered by water?

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75%

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How much of the water on earth do the oceans make up?

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94%

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seawater salt content

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3.5g/L

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seawater freezing point

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-1.91*C

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high salt content = ? density

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higher

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density (increases/decerases)? with increasing temperature

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decreases (BUT density max des NOT occure at 3.94*C)

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does (freshwater/seawater)? have to be colder to freeze in the winter?

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sea water, bc of salt content and resulting density

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how much of surface light is absorbed in the top 10M of water?

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80% absorbed

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at what depth (m) is there virtually no light?

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600m

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absorption of light with depth is dependent upon what?

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wavelength

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how much of earths surface is covered by oceans?

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360 million km^2

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average ocean salinty?

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35ppt --> varies longitudinally

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lake eutrophication associated with

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human input of nutrients -->phosphorus (some lakes naturally like this)

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lake eutrophication causes

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algae blooms - blue/green algae

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low dissolved O2 concentrations in lakes cause

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anoxia below thermocline

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marine intertidal zone

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interace btwn marine and terrestial systems --> dominated by marine organ. terrestrials=transients

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water in rivers and streams move

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longitudinally

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organisms in marine intertidal zones must deal with

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periods of exposure and wave action

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sandy vs rocky intertidal zones

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sandy=less diverse (moon snails, clams) rocky=more diverse(seastars, barnacles)

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estuaries

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transition zone where river meets ocean (freshwater transition zone)

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salt marsh

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low lying sandy area, associated with RIVER, herbaceous veget. (freshwater tidal zone)

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mangrove swamp

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(RIVER MOUTH) salt-tolerant trees with prop roots

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ecophysiology

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ecology at the individual level

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tolerance limit related to

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conditions an org. faces (upper and lower limits, beyond these limits an org. suffers)

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limiting factor related to

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resources

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macro vs micro climates

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MACRO-conditions in a climatic zone (deserts, tundras) MICRO-small scale spatial variation in climate within a climatic region (altitude, aspect, vegetation, ground color, boulders/burrows)

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more water = ? thermal stability

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greater (greater thermal stability=lower temp fluctuation than air)

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aquatic environments have higher.... (than air)

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specific heat (3000x greater) & latent heat of vaporization

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ACCLIMATION

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a short term physiological adjustment to a change in conditions, within an individual

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water travels along

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concentration gradient --> high-low: diffusion

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the contrast btwn water content of external envir. relative to org. internal envir. can determine....

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the magnitude of evaporative water losses or gains of an org.

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water vapor pressure (WVP)

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atmos. pressure exerted by the H2O vapor in the air, WVP increases as H2O content of air increases

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Saturation water vapor pressure SWVP

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the pressure exerted by air saturated with water vapor

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Water vapor pressure deficit VPD

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diff in pressure btwn actual WVP and SWVP at a specific temp (gradient in water concentration from org. to the air)

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water conservation by animals

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hide with waxes, hydrocarbons, concentrated waste products

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water conservation by plants

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thick leaves, fewer somata, dormancy in drought, wilting, alternate photosynthetic pathways

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water potential gradient

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how water moves --> flows down concentration gradient in soils, through plants, into air (expressed in negative values)

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the movement of water and solutes along xylem is through...

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transpiration stream -->moved along water potential gradient

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what drives water loss out of plants when stomata are open

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water potential gradient

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without water potential gradient...

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there would be no uptake of nutrients and water from soils, nor could plants take in co2 for photosyn.

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water regulation in freshwater envrion

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hyperosmotic

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water regulation in marine environ.--->

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invertebrate:isomotic
sharks:hyperosmotic
bony fish:hypoosmotic