Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Demonological Theory
|
supernatural; trial by ordeal
|
|
|
Classical Theory
|
Freewill & rationality, responsible for ones actions. People act on pleasure principle
|
|
|
Cesare Beccaria
|
Swift and certain punishment to deter crime CLASSICAL
|
|
|
Jeremy Bentham
|
unitarian punishment: greatest good for the greatest number. CLASSICAL
|
|
|
Critiques of Classical Theory
|
no consideration for offender-specific circumstances, takes away from judicial discretion, pleasure & pain hard to measure
|
|
|
Neoclassical Theory
|
classical rebirth -- psychological, environmental, mental, etc.
|
|
|
Deterrance Theory
|
Neoclassical Theory, general and specific deterrence specified. General is when everyone is deterred. Specific is when only person receiving the punishment is targeted for deterrence. NEOCLASSICAL
|
|
|
Rational Choice Theory
|
NEOCLASSICAL. crime is a choice based on costs, benefits, and opportunities.
|
|
|
Bounded Rationalist
|
rationality is not perfect because we are not computers and we know it.
|
|
|
Routine Activities Theory (3 factors)
|
1) MOtivated offenders
2) Suitable Target 3) Absence of Guardian NEOCLASSICAL |
|
|
Justice Influences of Neoclassical Theories
|
3 strikes, mandatory sentences, "just desserts"
|
|
|
Ecological Theory
|
Focus on social forces on environmental factors impact crime committing. aka statistical geographic, cartographic school
|
|
|
Human Ecology
|
deals with interrelations b/t humans, organisms, physical environment
|
|
|
Andre M. Guerry
|
Founder of ECOLOGICAL THEORY. compared poverty w/ regions of high crime and found overlap.
|
|
|
Adolphe Quetelet
|
challenge freewill when pointing out consistent patterns of crime and developed the controversial Thermal Law of Crime.
|
|
|
Economic Theory
|
Self explanatory
|
|
|
Willem Bonger
|
ECONOMIC THEORY. Marxism -> Capitalist society has owners and workers. Owners work on pleasure principle. Inequality between rich & poor -> crime.
|
|
|
Positivist Theory
|
1) Application of scientific method
2) Discussion and diagnosis of pathology 3) treatment/therapy (or corrections) |
|
|
Biological Positivism
|
criminals are defective or biologically inferior
|
|
|
Lombroso
|
BIOLOGICAL POSITIVISM
-atavism: criminals were born as such and are a primitive evolutionary throwback. Can be identified by physical stigma. -idea that criminality developed at birth |
|
|
Charles Goring
|
BIOLOGICAL POSITIVISM.
refuted and proposed link between retardedness and crime. (proven invalid) |
|
|
Dugsdale
|
Heredity and Crime in BP. Proposed crime was hereditary.
|
|
|
Earnest Hooton
|
Physical inferiority linked to crime. (BP)
|
|
|
Social Darwinism
|
application of survival of fittest to human society
|
|
|
Eugenics
|
control of degenerates
|
|
|
Crime Gene
|
there is none. Genes predispose.
|
|
|
BP Criticisms
|
cannot seek a genetic source for a social definition. Small samples
|
|
|
Ways to Study Nature v. Nurture
|
1) Twin Studies
2) Adoption Studies |
|
|
BP Neuroscience
|
criminality due to differences in nervous system activities
|
|
|
Genes of Criminality
|
Low empathy, IQ, impulsiveness
|
|
|
Child Mental Disorders
|
ADHD ODD COnduct disorders can lead to more serious adult criminal behavior
|
|
|
BP Historical Treatments
|
Lobotomies, drug therapy (50s)
|
|
|
Psychological Positivism
|
another school of positivists
|
|
|
Freudian Theory
|
ID(me), Ego (me & everyone), Superego (unconscious moral principle). Emphasis on the unconscious.
|
|
|
Psychometry
|
PP. measures psychological and mental differences between criminals and non-criminals.
|
|
|
B.F. Skinner
|
Behavioral modifications/operant conditioning. Positive/Negative reinforcements and PUnishments
|
|
|
Albert Bandura
|
Social Learning Theory - learning through observation
|
|
|
Sociological THeories
|
Anomie theories
|
|
|
Emile Durkeim
|
Anomie: normlessness in society which can be temporary or chronic conditions.
Causes of crime are social, not individual |
|
|
Robert Merton
|
Strain Theory: Conformist, innovator, ritualist, retreatest, or rebel.
Focus is on economic strain |
|
|
Robert Agnew
|
General Strain THeory
Strain is anger and frustration as a result of negative relationships or experiences, not just economic as indicated by Merton. Crimes are committed to: regain, retaliate, escape. |
|
|
Albert Coehn
|
Lower Class Reaction Theory: reaction to being lower class. delinquent subculture.crime is a response of n. being able to live up to middle-class values.
|
|
|
Differential Opportunity Theory
|
Cloward & Ohlin. availability of illegal opportunities changes adaption. Three subcultures of juvies: Criminal, conflict, and retreatist. Criminal is where organized crime is available form generation to generation. Conflict is where illegal opportunities are not readily available to absorb the youth so there's just mainly violent crime. Retreatist: the double failures (alcoholism, etc.)
|
|
|
Social Processes Theories
|
emphasizes criminality as a learned process or culturally transmitted process.
|
|
|
Social Disorganization Theory
|
crimes are rooted in social disorganization (community disruption). Shaw & Mckay were interested in the distribution of crime, esp. in the zone of transition.
|
|
|
Routine Activities Theory
|
SPT. motivated offender, suitable target, absence of guardian.
|
|
|
Sutherland - Differential Association THeory
|
differential association theory. Crime rooted in excess of contacts with those that advocate criminal behavior
|
|
|
Focal Concerns Theory
|
lower class focal concerns cause delinquency (ex: advocates trouble, toughness, smartness, etc.)
|
|
|
Dave Mata & Delinquency
|
delinquents drift between criminal and conventional behavior
|
|
|
Sykes and Matza (Techniques of Neutralization)
|
enables drift and denial or responsibility, injury, victim, condemns the condemners, appeal to higher authority.
|
|
|
Containment Theory (Walter Reckless)
|
Social Control Theory. Deviant motivations pushes pulls into crime.
|
|
|
Social Bond THeory
|
1) Attachment
2) OCmmitment 3) Involvement 4) Beliefs (moral code) |
|
|
Social Control Theories
|
what causes people to conform to rules
|
|
|
General Theory of Crime
|
self control is the only thing that matters. Ability to resist immediate and easy gratification.
|
|
|
Devlopmental and Life COurse Theories
|
dynamic theories that focus on development of offending and antisocial behavior over a lifetime.
|
|
|
Life Course Criminality (Sampson & Laub)
|
Age graded theory of informal social control. Ex: Child ha family as control. Adult has marriage and job.
Timing and ordering of significant life events affect criminality. COntinuity and Change 0 what remains the same and what changes |
|
|
Antisocial POtential Theories
|
Longterm and shorter antisocial potentials
|
|
|
Terrie Moffit
|
adolescent limited (deviant at youth burt disappears) or life-course persistence (those that remain deviant until after adolescence)
|
|
|
Integrated THeories
|
advocates a multifactorial approach
|
|
|
Delbert Elliott's INtegrative THoery
|
Strain from family and school leads to social bonds with delinquent peers leads to self delinquency. Strain Theory >> Social Control >> Social Learning Differentiation
|
|
|
Mainstream Criminality
|
emphasis on criminal behavior; consensus world view; willingness to work within established social order.
|
|
|
Critical Criminality
|
emphasis on criminalization of behavior, conflict world views, willingess to question social order
|
|
|
Labeling Theory
|
crime is a label, not a act. Society makes them criminal. Ex: normal people were treated as abnormal and sent to mental hospital.
|
|
|
Lemert
|
Primary deviance - primary deviant act (steal something.
Secondary Deviance: Deviance that results from being caught and labelled. Once they are caught they are unable to escape the label thus they become what they are |
|
|
Howard Becker
|
moral entrepreneurs, people that are concerned with labeling new categories of deviance
|
|
|
Left Realism
|
Critical Criminology. Questions conservative approaches to crime control and ins sits on social justice as policy objective.
|
|
|
peacemaking
|
seeks to mediate conflict, assist victims, reintegrate offenders into community
|
|
|
postmodernism
|
examins how knowledge is constituted0influence of racism, sexism, etc. Crime - power to deny others and that the source of crime is our denial of humanity. Offenders dehumanize victims to make them deserving of the punishment.
|
|
|
Quinney
|
crime is a result of capitalism. Ruling class. conflict of interest. Rich want sot protect heir interest.
|
|
|
William Chambliss
|
conc. on racism and inequality
|
