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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Social Darwinism
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Social Darwinism is a political philosophy that emerged in the 19th century. It is based on Darwin's notion of survival of the fittest. It argues against giving assistance to the weak, because they should die out. For example, social Darwinism would argue against unemployment funds for the unemployed. Social Darwinism is important because it led to an attitude that Government should not help the elderly, the frail, or the poor.
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Atavism
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The term atavism denotes the tendency to revert to ancestral type. An atavism is an evolutionary throwback, such as traits reappearing which had disappeared generations ago. An example of atavism would be humans with large canine teeth. Atavism is significant in criminology because it hints back to more primitive crimes.
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Cesare Lombroso
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Cesare Lombroso was an Italian criminologist. Lombroso rejected the idea that crime was a characteristic trait of human nature. Lombroso came up with the idea that someone could be a "born criminal". Lomboroso is important because with his theories, criminal's physical defects can seen as a reason of their criminal life.
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Born Criminal (reo nato)
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The "born criminal" could be anatomically identified by such items as a sloping forehead, ears of unusual size, asymmetry of the face, prognathism, excessive length of arms, asymmetry of the cranium, and other "physical stigmata."
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Phrenology
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Phrenology is based on the concept that the brain is the organ of the mind, and that certain brain areas have localized, specific functions. For example, one of the brain's 27 organs was devoted to the instinct of reproduction. This is important today in scans of the brain to see which areas are more stimulated than others in criminals.
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Feeblemindedness theory
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A theory developed by Goddard that used the term Feeble-minded to describe someone with mental deficiencies. These deficiencies included such things as mental retardation and learning disabilities. A common example of such learning disability would be Dyslexia. Goddard stated that such feeble-mindedness would lead to a life of crime and poverty.
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Eugenics movement
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Eugenics is a belief that to improve the human species, measures have to be take to discourage reproduction by persons having genetic defects or undesirable traits. An example of this would be to tell all of the Brow eyed people in the world to stop reproducing because their eye color is undesired. This is important for anyone who believes in Social Darwinism or survival of the fittest.
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Body type theories - Constitutionalism
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Jukes and Kallikaks
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The Jukes and the Kallikaks were two families used as example to bolster advocacy of eugenics. They demonstrated that traits deemed socially inferior could be passed down from generation to generation. An example of this would be a grandmother with dyslexia who could pass that trait to her great granddaughter. This is important when looking at the eugenics method to stop passing undesired traits.
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XYY Chromosome
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XYY syndrome happens when a human male receives an extra Y chromosome. Most often, the extra Y chromosome causes no unusual physical features or medical problems.Boys with the syndrome have an increased risk of learning difficulties and delayed speech and language skills. This may lead to a life in crime.
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Serotonin
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A neurotransmitter that is thought to be involved in the modulation of impulsive. Low serotonin levels may lead to that person being more aggressive. This is important because this may lead to breakthroughs in Serotonin studies to lower levels in certain patients.
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Testosterone
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Testosterone is a steroid hormone. Testosterone is primarily secreted in the testes of males and the ovaries of females. High levels of Testosterone may lead to that person being more aggressive. This is also important when checking the testosterone levels of criminals.
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Twin Studies
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Twin studies are one of a family of designs in behavior genetics. Mono-zygotic twins share the same DNA. Di-zygotic twins share only 50% of the same DNA. This study of twins is important when looking at criminal behavior of each twin.
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Twins reared apart studies
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This study looks at twins who were raised separately. This would be something like when twins are put into different foster homes. You still have to look at environments though, because foster home environments are meant to be similar.
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Adoption studies
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Heritability
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Concordance Rate
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Concordance as used in genetics usually means the presence of the same trait in both members of a pair of twins. For example, twins are concordant when both have or both lack a given trait. The average concordance rate for fraternal twins was 22% and 51% for identical twins to share criminal behavior.
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Shared versus non-shared environment
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Gene-environment interaction
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Gene Expression
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Occurs when the environment allows the gene to show itself and have an influence in the context of an environment. For example, Going to college instead of working might give alcoholism an expression. This is important when looking at gene-environment interaction.
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Probabilistic causation
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Probabilistic causation designates a group of philosophical theories that aim to characterize the relationship between cause and effect using the tools of probability theory. An example would be a criminal seeking revenge.
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Reverse casual order
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Multiple Factor Theories
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Maternal Prenatal Influenza
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PET scan and crime
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Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck research
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Underdeveloped superego - Aichorn
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Delinquent ego - Redl and Wineman
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Freud - Ego Triad
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Freud's Ego Triad consisted of Fire-setting, bed wetting, and cruelty to animals.
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Kohlberg - Moral Development
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Four Humors
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The four humors are blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm. All diseases and disabilities resulted from an excess or deficit of one of these four humors.
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Temperament
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In psychology, temperament refers to those aspects of an individual's personality, such as introversion or extroversion.
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Attachment theory
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Attachment theory is a psychological theory concerning relationships between humans. An example is a mother who takes care of every need for her baby, which leads to the baby always feeling comforted. This is important when looking at relationships between humans.
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Eysenck Theory
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Eysenck Theory of personality that states all you need is two traits extroversion and introversion to identify people.
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Extroversion - cortical arousal
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Neuroticism - Sympathetic nervous system
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Eysenck - Criminal vs anti-social personality
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Psychopathy vs Anti-social personality
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Conduct disorder
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Conduct disorder is a psychiatric category marked by a pattern of repetitive behavior wherein the rights of others or social norms are violated. Symptoms include such things as verbal and physical aggression. An example of conduct disorder would be a young student defacing school property. This is important because early signs of conduct disorder may lead to more severe crimes later in life.
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State of nature
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State of nature is sometimes related to a state of anarchy. This philosophy described humanity before the foundation of Government. An example of this would be living in a place with no rules and everyone has the freedom to do whatever they please.
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Bellum Omnium Contra Omens
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Tabula Rasa
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A thesis that individuals are born without built-in mental content and that their knowledge comes from experience and perception.
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Noble Savage
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The concept of the natural man.
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Social Contract
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Bentham - Utilitarianism
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Felicific calculus
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A tool for calculating the degree or amount of pleasure that a specific action is likely to cause. This scale is measured in Hedons (pleasures) and Dolors (pains). An example of this is calculating how much pleasure stealing something is likely to cause. This is important when dealing with the Deterrence theory.
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Hedons and dolors
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The units of measurement in the Felicific calculus. Hedons are for pleasure, Dolors are for pain.
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Brutalization effect
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Argues that the death penalty has a brutalizing effect on society. Capital punishment may send a mixed message that it is acceptable to kill in some situations. An example of this would be someone killing a rapist on their own because they saw another rapist get the death penalty.
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Anomie
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A sociological term meaning personal feeling of a lack of social norms. The term was popularized by Durkheim. An example of anomie would be someone who lacks social ethics.
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Social facts
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The values, cultural norms, and social structures external to the individual. Durkheim believed sociology was the "science of social facts".
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Division of labor
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Mechanical solidarity
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Organic solidarity
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Durkheim - 4 types of Suicide
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Egoistic, Alturistic, Anomic, Fatalistic
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Functionalism
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Gemeinschaft and Geselleschaft
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Social integration
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Social regulation
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Collective conscience
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Law and moral boundaries
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Crime as normal
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Society of Saints
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Henry Goddard
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Perceptual stability - deterrence
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Lagged independent effects - deterrence
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Normative validation versus deterrence
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Habituation versus deterrence
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Enculturation versus deterrence
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Economic inequality
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Relative deprivation
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Absolute Poverty (about $1.25 a day)
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Relative poverty
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Quetelet
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Social Mechanics
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Motivation effect
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Opportunity effect
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Social disorganization
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Differential social organization
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Collective efficacy
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Informal control
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Social ties
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Social capital
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Park's - Biological analogy
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Chicago School
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Thomas's Theorem - W.I. Thomas
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4 wishes - W.I. Thomas
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Concentric Zone Theory
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Cultural Transmission Theory
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3 D's in relation to poverty
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Ecological fallacy
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Multi-collinearity
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Chicago Area Project
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Egoistic Suicide
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Killing yourself to escape consequences.
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Altruistic Suicide
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Suicide to contribute to your social group.
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Anomic Suicide
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Suicide for being alone.
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Fatalistic Suicide
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Killing yourself because you cannot abide by the rules of a social group.
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