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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What does inspiration have on the cardiovascular system?
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Increases RA venous return
Increased RT side SV |
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What are the 3 different types of pacemakers?
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Single Chamber
Dual Chamber Biventricular Pacemaker |
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What is inotrope?
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Inotrope is the contractility of the heart
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What is chronotrope?
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The pacemaker firing pattern
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Is Dobutamine a pharmacological agent that is considered a positive inotrope and chronotrope?
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Yes.
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What is Ejection fraction? Normal value?
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The % of blood ejected with each beat.
Normal 55-75% |
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What are 3 things that EF can determine
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Cardiac output
Overall heart function wall motion |
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How many grades of murmurs are there? Which is the least intense?Strongest?
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6 grades
Grade 1 is least Grade 6 is strongest |
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The polarized state of the heart is considered the _____
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Resting state
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What do the following medications do; Analgesics? Antibiotics?
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Analgesics - relieve pain
antibiotics - fight infection |
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What is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood?
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Pulmonary
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What is the basic description of RT Heart catherization?
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Femoral vein --> Svc/Ivc --> RA --> RV ---> main pul artery
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What percent of patients have right domanant RCA? What does it mean?
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85%
Rt dominant means that the PDA arises from RCA |
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What 2D view is best for visualizing the coronary Arteries?
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Psax Aov
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What is the most common diagnostic modality used in chest x ray?
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Posterior Anterior Lateral
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Name two possible cardiac related findings in xray?
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Enlarged right heart & pulmonary vascularity
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Is xray able to detect coronary artery disease?
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NO
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Which patients are at higher risk for infective endocarditis?
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Valvular disease
Prosthetic valves |
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What is the function of the LA and RA
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Act as temporary storage devices.
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What vessels carry O2 rich blood rom the lungs to the LA
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Pul. Veins
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What 3 vessels carry CO2 to the RA?
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SVC IVC CS
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What does TDI stand for?
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Tissue Doppler
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How can AI affect the LV size and wall motion?
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LV dilation
Hyperkinesis of LV walls & IVS |
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What are the arteries that act as a control valve through which blood is metered to the capillaries?
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Arterials
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What are the capillaries and why are the considered microvessels?
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Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels. They are part of the micro circulation. They are only 1 cell thick. they connect arterioles and venules.
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What anomaly occurs if the truncus arteriosus does not divide?
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It will not form the pul artery or the AoV
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What are the two RT to LT shunts in the normal fetal circulation?
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Foreman ovale
Ductus arteriosis |
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Which vessels connect to the heart has the least amount of blood flow in the normal fetal circulation?
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Pul Vein.
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What are the hemodynamic events occuring post delivery?
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Pul Artery Flow increases
Pul Vascular resistence decreases Foreman ovale flow decreases |
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The ductus arteriosus connect the _____ and the ___ in the fetus
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Pul Artery and AoV
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At what site does the ductus arteriosus attach to the aorta?
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Aortic isthmus
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Which ions are pumped out of the cells of the myocardium during rest?
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Sodium
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Following electrical depolarization of the myocardial cell membrane, which ion rushes in first and which ion rushes in later?
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First is "uncle" sodium
2nd is calcium |
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What happens to the beat following PVC?
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the next beat will be stronger (has more time for filling)
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What is the Frank Sterling law?
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The more muscle fibers are stretched the stronger the contraction
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What cardiac pathology increases preload?
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Regurge
Shunts Volume Overload |
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What cardiac pathology increases afterload?
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Stenosis
ASH Systemic HTN Pul HTN |
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What is the main echo finding associated with increased afterload?
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Concentric Hypertrophy
RVH and LVH |
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What is the main echo finding associated with increased preload?
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Dilation of the receiving chamber
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A patients blood pressure is 130/90 mmHg, stroke volume is 80 ml, hrart rate is 80 beats/min. What is the patients CO?
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6.4 liters/min
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What is the value of the Qp/Qs ratio in a normal person?
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Qp = Pulmonary flow
Qs = systemic circulation flow should be 1:1 ratio |
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During the cardiac cycle which valve even most closely follows the P wave of the ECG?
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Closure of the AV valves
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What hemodynamic event follows the P wave of the ECG
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Atrial systole or atrial kick
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What hemodynamic event follows the R wave on the R Wave on EKG
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IVCT
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During the cardiac cycle, which valve event most closely follows the R wave on the ECG?
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Semi-lunars open (AoV & PV)
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During the cardiac cycle which valve event most closely follows the T wave on EKG
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Semi-lunars close
AV valves open |
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What hemodynamic event follows the T wave?
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IVRT
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Which 2 pressures all for the evaluation of aortic stenosis?
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LV (increase)
AoV (decrease) |
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Which 2 pressure allows for the evaluation of mitral stenosis?
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LV and LA
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Which 2 pressures allow for the evaluation of pulmonic stenosis?
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RV and Pul Artery
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Which 2 pressures allow for the evaluation of TV stenosis?
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RA and RV
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MR hemodynamic evaluation is done in ____
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Systole
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AS evaluation is done in _____
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Systole
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TS evaluation is done in ____
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Diastole
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PR evaluation is done In ____
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Diastole
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Which valve regurge flow is most likely to be the highest velocity?
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MR due to the pressure being high
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What causes the first heart sound?
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Closure of the TV and MV
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What causes the second heart sound?
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Closure of AoV and PV
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Which heart murmur is the most faint?
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Grade 1
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A thrill is most likely associated with which murmurs?
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Grade 3 to 6
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During systole, the aortic and LV pressure are quite different. What is this finding indicative of?
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Stenosis of AoV
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At what time during the cardiac cycle is the LA pressure lower than LV
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Systole
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At what time during the cardiac cycle is the RA pressure higher than the RV
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Diastole
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Sinus bradycardia is defined as heart rate less than 60 bpm. How does the R wave appear on ECG?
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Further apart. (more then 5 big boxes)
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Sinus tachycardia is defined as a HR of more than 100 bpm. How does the R wave appear on the ECG?
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Closer together. (less than 3 big boxes)
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A patient with an ECG with 5 PVCs is called what?
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V-Tach
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What are the 3 branches of the Aortic arch? Proximal to distal.
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Brachiocephalic
LLC Lt Sub Clavian |
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What is the meaning of the heart inherent rate.
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The heart muscle beats automatically without outside stimulation.
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What is the function of beta blockers?
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Slow sinus rate. Depress AV conduction. and reduce blood pressure.
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What are side effects of beta blockers?
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Slowing the heart rate too much. worsening heart failure and rarely could cause confusion/depression
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What is Qp/Qs?
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Qp = pulmonary cir flow
Qs = systemic cir flow |
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ASD surgery is mainly considered when the Qp/Qs exceeds?
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1:5
Normal ratio 1:1 |
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What is a common murmur heard with MV prolapse
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Mid-systolic click
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What abnormality is often associated with high pitched friction rub murmur?
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pericarditis
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What is a common murmur heard in patients with constrictive pericarditis
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Pericardial knock
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What is the disease known as Aortic arch syndrome that occurs more in women in Asia and Africa?
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Takayasu's arteritis.
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What is a common symptom of a patient with endocarditis?What are classic cardiac findings?
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Fever and chills
Echo findings: vegetation |