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77 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What does inspiration have on the cardiovascular system?
Increases RA venous return
Increased RT side SV
What are the 3 different types of pacemakers?
Single Chamber
Dual Chamber
Biventricular Pacemaker
What is inotrope?
Inotrope is the contractility of the heart
What is chronotrope?
The pacemaker firing pattern
Is Dobutamine a pharmacological agent that is considered a positive inotrope and chronotrope?
Yes.
What is Ejection fraction? Normal value?
The % of blood ejected with each beat.
Normal 55-75%
What are 3 things that EF can determine
Cardiac output
Overall heart function
wall motion
How many grades of murmurs are there? Which is the least intense?Strongest?
6 grades
Grade 1 is least
Grade 6 is strongest
The polarized state of the heart is considered the _____
Resting state
What do the following medications do; Analgesics? Antibiotics?
Analgesics - relieve pain
antibiotics - fight infection
What is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood?
Pulmonary
What is the basic description of RT Heart catherization?
Femoral vein --> Svc/Ivc --> RA --> RV ---> main pul artery
What percent of patients have right domanant RCA? What does it mean?
85%
Rt dominant means that the PDA arises from RCA
What 2D view is best for visualizing the coronary Arteries?
Psax Aov
What is the most common diagnostic modality used in chest x ray?
Posterior Anterior Lateral
Name two possible cardiac related findings in xray?
Enlarged right heart & pulmonary vascularity
Is xray able to detect coronary artery disease?
NO
Which patients are at higher risk for infective endocarditis?
Valvular disease
Prosthetic valves
What is the function of the LA and RA
Act as temporary storage devices.
What vessels carry O2 rich blood rom the lungs to the LA
Pul. Veins
What 3 vessels carry CO2 to the RA?
SVC IVC CS
What does TDI stand for?
Tissue Doppler
How can AI affect the LV size and wall motion?
LV dilation
Hyperkinesis of LV walls & IVS
What are the arteries that act as a control valve through which blood is metered to the capillaries?
Arterials
What are the capillaries and why are the considered microvessels?
Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels. They are part of the micro circulation. They are only 1 cell thick. they connect arterioles and venules.
What anomaly occurs if the truncus arteriosus does not divide?
It will not form the pul artery or the AoV
What are the two RT to LT shunts in the normal fetal circulation?
Foreman ovale
Ductus arteriosis
Which vessels connect to the heart has the least amount of blood flow in the normal fetal circulation?
Pul Vein.
What are the hemodynamic events occuring post delivery?
Pul Artery Flow increases
Pul Vascular resistence decreases
Foreman ovale flow decreases
The ductus arteriosus connect the _____ and the ___ in the fetus
Pul Artery and AoV
At what site does the ductus arteriosus attach to the aorta?
Aortic isthmus
Which ions are pumped out of the cells of the myocardium during rest?
Sodium
Following electrical depolarization of the myocardial cell membrane, which ion rushes in first and which ion rushes in later?
First is "uncle" sodium
2nd is calcium
What happens to the beat following PVC?
the next beat will be stronger (has more time for filling)
What is the Frank Sterling law?
The more muscle fibers are stretched the stronger the contraction
What cardiac pathology increases preload?
Regurge
Shunts
Volume Overload
What cardiac pathology increases afterload?
Stenosis
ASH
Systemic HTN
Pul HTN
What is the main echo finding associated with increased afterload?
Concentric Hypertrophy
RVH and LVH
What is the main echo finding associated with increased preload?
Dilation of the receiving chamber
A patients blood pressure is 130/90 mmHg, stroke volume is 80 ml, hrart rate is 80 beats/min. What is the patients CO?
6.4 liters/min
What is the value of the Qp/Qs ratio in a normal person?
Qp = Pulmonary flow
Qs = systemic circulation flow

should be 1:1 ratio
During the cardiac cycle which valve even most closely follows the P wave of the ECG?
Closure of the AV valves
What hemodynamic event follows the P wave of the ECG
Atrial systole or atrial kick
What hemodynamic event follows the R wave on the R Wave on EKG
IVCT
During the cardiac cycle, which valve event most closely follows the R wave on the ECG?
Semi-lunars open (AoV & PV)
During the cardiac cycle which valve event most closely follows the T wave on EKG
Semi-lunars close
AV valves open
What hemodynamic event follows the T wave?
IVRT
Which 2 pressures all for the evaluation of aortic stenosis?
LV (increase)
AoV (decrease)
Which 2 pressure allows for the evaluation of mitral stenosis?
LV and LA
Which 2 pressures allow for the evaluation of pulmonic stenosis?
RV and Pul Artery
Which 2 pressures allow for the evaluation of TV stenosis?
RA and RV
MR hemodynamic evaluation is done in ____
Systole
AS evaluation is done in _____
Systole
TS evaluation is done in ____
Diastole
PR evaluation is done In ____
Diastole
Which valve regurge flow is most likely to be the highest velocity?
MR due to the pressure being high
What causes the first heart sound?
Closure of the TV and MV
What causes the second heart sound?
Closure of AoV and PV
Which heart murmur is the most faint?
Grade 1
A thrill is most likely associated with which murmurs?
Grade 3 to 6
During systole, the aortic and LV pressure are quite different. What is this finding indicative of?
Stenosis of AoV
At what time during the cardiac cycle is the LA pressure lower than LV
Systole
At what time during the cardiac cycle is the RA pressure higher than the RV
Diastole
Sinus bradycardia is defined as heart rate less than 60 bpm. How does the R wave appear on ECG?
Further apart. (more then 5 big boxes)
Sinus tachycardia is defined as a HR of more than 100 bpm. How does the R wave appear on the ECG?
Closer together. (less than 3 big boxes)
A patient with an ECG with 5 PVCs is called what?
V-Tach
What are the 3 branches of the Aortic arch? Proximal to distal.
Brachiocephalic
LLC
Lt Sub Clavian
What is the meaning of the heart inherent rate.
The heart muscle beats automatically without outside stimulation.
What is the function of beta blockers?
Slow sinus rate. Depress AV conduction. and reduce blood pressure.
What are side effects of beta blockers?
Slowing the heart rate too much. worsening heart failure and rarely could cause confusion/depression
What is Qp/Qs?
Qp = pulmonary cir flow
Qs = systemic cir flow
ASD surgery is mainly considered when the Qp/Qs exceeds?
1:5

Normal ratio 1:1
What is a common murmur heard with MV prolapse
Mid-systolic click
What abnormality is often associated with high pitched friction rub murmur?
pericarditis
What is a common murmur heard in patients with constrictive pericarditis
Pericardial knock
What is the disease known as Aortic arch syndrome that occurs more in women in Asia and Africa?
Takayasu's arteritis.
What is a common symptom of a patient with endocarditis?What are classic cardiac findings?
Fever and chills

Echo findings: vegetation