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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biology
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the study of life
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Irritability
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is a response to stimuli in the environment
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Assimilation
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All the right parts coming together to form the living material.
How living things grow. |
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Reproduction
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the making of an organism similar to the original.
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inductive reasoning
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a process of beginning with many facts or assumptions in order to reach a general conclusion
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deductive reasoning
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the process of beginning with known facts (general principles) and predicting a new fact
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hypothesis
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an educated guess that attempts to answer a problem
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theory
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that which is thought to be true, is not revealed truth but may be part of unrevealed truth
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fallacy
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any statement not a part of revealed or unrevealed truth
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control group
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The group in an experiment that is not exposed to the independent variable
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truth by definition
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that which is truth because man has defined it, as in mathematics, grammar, spelling, and the meanings of words
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independent variable
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the factor that is different between the two groups of a controlled experiment
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dependent variable
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The factor that is measured in both the control and experimental group which happens as a result of the independent variable. see page14
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List and briefly describe the attributes of life.
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1. Exhibits movement, internally or externally.
2. Achieves growth by assimilation 3. Reproduces, or has babies 4.Comes from similar preexisting life 5. Has a similar chemical makeup. 6.Is composed of cells 6.Exhibits irratability 7. Requires energy 8. Maintains a high level of organization 9. Faces death |
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Inorganic
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Things that are not alive and never have been.
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Organic
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The substances that living things produce.
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How many lenses does a compound microscope have?
Where are they located? |
A compound microscope has two sets of lenses.
Located in the objective and the ocular. |
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catalyst
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substances that affect the rate of a reaction but are not themselves changed in the reaction
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concentration gradient
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the difference between the numbers of one type of molecule in two adjacent areas
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osmosis
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diffusion of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane
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solute
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the substance that is dissolved
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solvent
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the substance in which the solute is dissolved in
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DNA
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(deoxyribonucleic acid)
The nucleic acid that is located primarily in the nucleus; carrier of genetic information. DNA is a double chain polymer of nucleotides (double helix) The four bases are: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine |
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RNA
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(ribonucleic acid)
forms from DNA and functions with ribosomes to form protein molecules. The base uracil replaces the DNA base thymine. |
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transcription
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the process of forming messenger RNA from DNA
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replication
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producing two new DNA molecules from an old one
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cell theory
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* the cell is the basic unit of all living things
* cells perform all the functions of living things * cells come from the reproduction of existing cells |
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cytology
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the study of cells
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Endocytosis
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The movement of materials across a cell's plasma membrane by phagocytosis of pinocytosis
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Phagocytosis
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The process of a cell engulfing a SUBSTANCE
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Pinocytosis
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The process of a cell taking in FLUID by forming vesicles or pouches, in the cell membrane
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cytolysis
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the bursting of a cell from internal water pressure.
This can occur when a cell is in a hypotonic solution. |
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isotonic solution
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when the concentration of solutes outside the cell is the same as the concentration inside the cell
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hypotonic solution
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when the solution outside of the cell has a higher concentration of water molecules and a lower concentration of solutes than the solution inside
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hypertonic solution
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a fluid in which the concentration of solutes is higher than that within the cells that are withinn the fluid
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Excretion
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The elimination of soluble wastes
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secretion
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Release of synthesized materials from the cell.
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Homeostasis
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maintaining a steady state or balance in an organism
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Synthesis
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the putting together of organic compounds
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ribosome
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non-membrane-bound organelle found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
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lysosomes
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"waste disposal plant"
small irregularly shaped membrane-bound organelles filled with digestive enzymes |
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mitochrondia
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"powerhouse" of the cell
center of "cellular respiration" bean-shaped transform chemical energy stored in sugars into usable energy |
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golgi apparatus
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"emergency repair crew"
flattened, curved, membrane-covered sacs important in the final processing and packaging of many complex polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids produced by the cell |
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The movement of molecules across membranes against the concentration gradient requires ______________ and _________________
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carrier proteins and
energy (ATP) |
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The cell membrane is composed of ____________________ and ____________________
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lipids and
proteins |
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endoplasmic reticulum
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"transportation company"
system of interconnected folded membranes inside the cell |
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tissue
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group of similar cells that work together to carry out a specific function
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organs
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composed of several types of tissues working together to perform a specific function
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Eukaryotic cells
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cells that have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles in the cytoplasm
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prokaryotic cells
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cells that lack a membrane around the nucleus; contains only non-membrane-bound organelles.
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autotroph
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Organism that is able to make its own food
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heterotroph
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Organism that depends upon other organisms for food
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ATP
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adenosine triphoshate
stores energy in the cell. |
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ADP
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adenosine diphosphate
Yields energy |
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photosynthesis
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Converting light energy into stored chemical energy
Essential step between solar energy and life Produces oxygen and glucose |
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light-dependent phase
(1st phase of photosynthesis) |
-water is split by light energy
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Aerobic
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requiring oxygen
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Anaerobic
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Not requiring oxygen
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Anabolism
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the phase of metabolism that builds molecules and stores energy.
The constructive phase of metabolism |
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Catabolism
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The phase of metabolism that breaks down a molecule or releases energy.
The destructive phase of metabolism. |
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Metabolism
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The sum of all of a cell's life processes
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How many net ATP are produced during aerobic respiration?
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the maximum result from 1 glucose molecule is 36 molecules of ATP
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translation
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The process of manufacturing a polypeptide chain of amino acids
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Allele
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-one member of a pair of genes that occupy the same position on homologous chromosomes.
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Genotype
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-is the genetic constitution of a cell
-genetic makeup |
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Phenotype
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-any observable characteristic of an organism
-physical appearance |
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homozygous
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-having two identical alleles for a gene
-both alleles in a cell being the same |
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Monohybrid
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A cross that deals with only one set of alleles
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heterozygous
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-having two different alleles at a locus
-both alleles NOT being the same |
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Cytokinesis
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-the division of the cytoplasm in a dividing cell
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What is the diploid number of chromosomes in a human cell?
What is the haploid number? |
Diploid: 46
Haploid: 23 |
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List the phases of mitosis in order.
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Prophase
Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
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dominant trait
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-a trait that expresses itself when factors for two opposing traits are present
-masks the expression of the other trait |
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recessive trait
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-the trait that is masked when two genes with opposing traits are present
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Are offspring of sexual reproduction genetically identical to the parent?
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No
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germ mutation
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-a mutation in a cell that forms gametes
-affects the cells in the next generation |
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Malignant
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Cancer that spreads beyond the sit of the original tumor invading the surrounding tissue
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Eugenics
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"good origins"
Efforts to improve the human gene pool |
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Genome
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a complete haploid set of an organism's chromosomes
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Somatic stem cells
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Cells grown from the differentiated tissue of adults
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biotechnology
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The use of living organisms to create products or to facilitate the production of products.
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Embryonic stem cells
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An undifferentiated cell, taken from an embryo, that has the potential to give rise to various other cell or tissue types. The embryo is killed during this process.
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Natural clone
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A genetic duplicate produced by mitosis or any asexual reproduction
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Worldview
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the frame of reference that a person uses to interpret and understand the world around him.
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Scientism
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- The belief that science is the only way to find truth
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Punctuated Equilibrium
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-The theory that evolution occurs rapidly for a period of time followed by a long period of nonevolving before another period of rapid evolution.
-evolution occurring in spurts followed by non-evolutionary periods |
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Jean Lamarck
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theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics
hypothesized: -that an organ that was not used would disappear from the species. -in order for an organism to begin to evolve a certain structure, it must have a need for that structure |
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Hugo De Vries
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Dutch botanist in the early 1900s.
Thought that changes in plants, that he called "mutations", were the mechanism for evolution.q -"evolution-by-mutation" |
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Charles Darwin
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-Wrote: "The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection"
-Theory of Natural Selection -used observations made, during a visit to the Galapagos Islands, to support his theories. -Organisms that are the fittest will survive. |
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List 3 results of believing evolutionary theory.
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-Man is not responsible to God
-There is no need for a Savior -Man is a highly evolved animal. |
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Is molecular similarity of DNA between certain organisms strong evidence for common ancestry through evolution?
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No
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mutation-selection theory
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-the current theory of evolution held by many evolutionists today.
-An evolutionary theory proposing that mutations produce variations and that natural selection determines which variations will survive in order to produce biological evolution. |
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List 3 parts of Darwin's theory of evolution.
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-survival of the fittest
-natural selection -descent with modifications |
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Are mutations part of Darwin's theory of evolution?
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No
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Linnaeus
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developed today's system of scientific classification.
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List the seven levels of the classification system in order.
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Kingdom
Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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List the six kingdoms in today’s classification system in order
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Eubacteria
Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia |
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How is the scientific name of an organism written?
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genus and species
The genus is capitalized, the species is not capitalized. Both are either italicized or underlined. |
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Antibody
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protein substance that defends cells against a specific patghogen
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Lysozyme
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An enzyme in tears that protects against bacteria
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Pathogen
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A disease-producing organism
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vector
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An insect or other disease carrying organism
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Virulence
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The ability of a virus to affect cells
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Toxin
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Poisonous substances.
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Saprophytic
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bacteria that feed on dead organic matter
-most bacteria are saphrophytic |
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list 3 factors that must be within the proper ranges for a bacterium in order for it to grow.
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-proper nutrition
-moisture -temperature -pH |
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lytic cycle
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the cycle in which viruses destroy the cells they invade.
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bacteria
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-prokaryotic
-important decomposer organisms -divided into two kingdoms |
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True or False
Most bacteria are pathogenic |
false
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Endospore
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an asexual spore that forms within a bacterium.
-some bacteria form endospores when conditions become unfavorable for life |
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Amino acids are building blocks for the synthesis of _____________
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proteins
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Protein synthesis
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requires:
DNA code tRNA Ribosomes mRNA |
