Ccbc Co-Op Bio Chp 2

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Chemistry

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the science of matter, its properties, and its interactions

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matter

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anything that has mass and occupies space

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element

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pure substances that cannot be further broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions

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atom

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the smallest unit of an element that still exhibits the characteristics of that element

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proton

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positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom. All atoms of a particular element have the same number of protons

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neutron

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neutrally charged particle in the nucleus of an atom

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electron

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negatively charged particle orbiting the nucleus of an atom

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ion

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an atom with an uneven number of protons and electrons causing the atom to have a charge

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ionic bond

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a chemical bond between oppositely charged ions

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covalent bond

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a chemical bond formed between atoms s a result of sharing a pair of electrons

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compound

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a substance that is made of two or more elements

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molecule

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the smallest unit of a compound that is still that compound in a natural state

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molecular formula

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express the number and type of atoms in a compound

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structural formula

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an expanded formula that shows the arrangement of atoms and bonds within the molecule

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chemical change

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takes place when the atoms of a substance bond with different atoms or compounds. the new substances have completely different characteristics.

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physical change

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the process of altering the state of something, its appearance, or its combination of substances without bonding

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mixture

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formed when two substances are combined without chemical bonding

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energy

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the ability to do work

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kinetic energy

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energy of motion such as falling, heat, light and electricity

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potential energy

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stored energy

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entropy

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a measure of the useable energy that escapes when energy is being converted from one form to another, an increase in disorder and degeneration

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activation energy

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the energy necessary to start a reaction

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catalyst

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substances that affect the rate of a reaction but are not themselves changed in the reaction

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solution

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a homogeneous mixture of one or more substances within another substance

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solute

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the substance that is dissolved

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solvent

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the substance in which the solute is dissolved in

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concentration

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the ratio of the solute in the solvent

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suspension

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the state of a substance when its particles are mixed but not dissoves

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colloid

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a mixture of fine particles, often including protein molecules, these particles do not settle out

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polar

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a molecule with charged poles

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hydrogen bond

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special attraction between water molecules. involving the one hydrogen molecule attracted to the negative region of another H2O mol

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diffusion

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the net movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration of a substance to an area of lower concentration

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equilibrium

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when there are no longer areas of higher and lower concentration

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concentration gradient

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the difference between the numbers of one type of molecule in two adjacent areas

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diffusion pressure

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the pressure for diffusion that is produced by the concentration gradient

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permeable

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a barrier that allows passage of all molecules

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semipermeable membrane

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permeable to some things but not to others

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osmosis

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diffusion of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane

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acid

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a compound that donate hydrogen ions when dissolved in water

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base

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a compound that releases hydrogen ions when dissolved in water

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neutralize

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what happens when an acid and a base react to one another. water and salt are formed

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PH

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"potential of hydrogen" a PH scale is used to express the acidity or alkalinity of a solution

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buffer

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keeps PH within a tolerable range
will combine with either H+ or OH- whichever is in excess

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biosynthesis

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the putting together of substances by living things

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Vitalism

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the theory that life is more than chemicals which make up living things

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organic compound

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are based on the carbon atom and its unusual bonding characeristics. Every organic compound has carbon in it

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carbon backbone

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the chain or ring upon which the remainder of the molecule is built

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enzyme

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proteins that act as organic catalyst that speed up chemical reactions

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active site

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fits the shape of the substrate, which is the molecule with which the enzyme will bind

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substrate

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the mollecule with which the ensyme wil bind

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coenzyme

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nonprotein substance that fit into or affect the aciive site so that it accepts the substrate properly. Necessary for enzymes to functions. viamins

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carbohydrate

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organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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monosaccharides

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simple sugars

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glucose

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a 6-carbon sugar manufactured by plants

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disaccharides

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monosaccharides joined together by enzymes

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coenzyme

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nonprotein substances that fit into or affect the active site so that it accepts the substrate properly

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dehydration synthesis

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the process whereby two molecules combine and a water molecule is released

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sucrose

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common sugar found in many foods, table sugar

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hydrolysis

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where a large molecule is broken down by adding a water molecule

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polysaccharide

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a large molecule of monosaccharide units

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starch

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one of the primary substances that plants store as food

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glycogen

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often called animal starch, produced in the liver from starch and sugars in the diet .Glycogen is a branching chain of glucose molecules

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cellulose

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chains of glucose molecules, found in plant cell walls

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chitin

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a polysaccharide found in the shells of crustaceans such as crabs and shrimp

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lipid

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organic compound that is insoluble in water but is soluble in organic solvents such as alcohol, ether, acetone and chloroform

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fatty acid

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unbranched chains of fourteen to twenty-eight carbon atoms that have a carboxyl group added to one end

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hydrophilic

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in a fatty acid, the carboxyl end of the molecule is attracted to water and is attracted to water

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hydrophobic

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in a fatty acid, the non-hydroxyl end of the molecule is repelled by water

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triglyceride

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three fatty acid molecules combined by dehydration synthesis with a molecule of glycerol

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saturated

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when each of the carbon atoms in a fatty acid molecule (except end ones) has two hydrogen atoms attached to it

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unsaturated

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a fatty acid molecule in which some of the carbon atoms are double bonded to each other allowing fewer hydrogen atoms to bond

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phospholipid

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composed of two fatty acid molecules attached to a glycerol molecule and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol molecule

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sterol

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have a carbon backbone of four different carbon rings plus a side chain of carbons. Cholesterol is a common sterol

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protein

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consist primarily of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and a nitrogen used as enzymes or as structural building blocks

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amino acid

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basic building blocks of a protein. Around 20 different amino acids. contains an amino group, a carboxyl group attached to carbon backbone

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peptide bond

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a bond that links the carboxyl group of one amino acid to an amino group of another amino acid

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polypeptide chain

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a chain formed by many peptide bonds as in the formation of a protein by many amino acids being bonded by peptide bonds

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nucleic acid

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organic compounds in living cells that are responsible for passing on hereditary information

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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

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the nucleic acid that is located primarily in the nucleus; carrier of genetic information. DNA is a double chain polymer of nucleotides

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nucleotide

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the basic component of a DNA or RNA molecule; each is made up of a sugar, a phosphate, and a base

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replication

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producing two new DNA molecules from an old one

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RNA (ribonucleic acid)

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forms from DNA and functions with ribosomes to form protein molecules

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transcription

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the process of forming messenger RNA from DNA