Ccbc Co-Op Bio Chapter 11

Front 1

Protozoan Classification

Back 1

"animal-like protists"
they are classified according to their method of locomotion.

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Amoeba

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-a typical member of the phylum Sarcodina.

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Ectoplasm

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-thin, watery cytoplasm found just inside the plasma membrane of amoeba.

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Endoplasm

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-dense, thick cytoplasm found in the interior of amoeba.

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Nucleus

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-controls the metabolism of the cell.

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List 7 general characteristics of the Protozoans.

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1, Most are microscopic unicellular organisms; a few are colonial.
2. Usually motile.
3. Most are aquatic.
4. All are heterotrophic. Many are parasitic.
5. Most reproduce asexually by binary fission; a few exchange genetic material by conjugation.
6. Some have eyespots, areas of pigment that detect light intensity.
7. Some form cysts in order to survive harsh environmental conditions.

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Contractile vacuole

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collects and eliminates excess water.

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Amoeboid movement

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method of movement used by the amoeba as it sends out "false feet"

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pseudopodium

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false feet: caused by the streaming of the endoplasm

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To what phylum does the amoeba belong?

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Sarcodina.

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taxis

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a response to a stimulus.

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cyst

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a structure that is formed by amoebas when conditions become unfavorable.

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Amoebic dysentary

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-a severe intestinal infection.
-caused by drinking contaminated water.
- Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica)
the sarcodine pathogenic to humans

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Paramecium

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-a typical Ciliate
-common free-swimming inhabitants of stagnant lakes and ponds.

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Pellicle

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- a thickened outer cell covering
- a firm but flexible covering of euglena and paramecia

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avoiding reaction

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when a paramecium bumps into an object, it will back up, turn, and move forward again.

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List the general characteristics of the protozoan phylum Sporozoa

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-unique because they have no special means of locomotion
-form spores
-all are parasitic
-most produce both sexually and asexually

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oral groove

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-a funnel-shaped indentation lined with cilia that sweep food through the mouth pore into the gullet.

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macronucleus

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-found in paramecia
-contains multiple copies of the cell's genetic material.
-aids in metabolism and asexual reproduction

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micronucleus

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-smaller nucleus of paramecia
-functions in conjugation

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conjugation

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-means of sexual reproduction in paramecia (two paramecia attach at their oral surfaces and exchange genetic material)

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Sarcodines move by __________________

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- pseudopods

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Phylum Sporozoa

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The sporozoans
- Unique protozoans because they have no special means of locomotion
- Form spores
- consists entirely of parasitic forms
- Many reproduce both asexually and sexually

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Plasmodium

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- a typical Sporozoan
- causes malaria

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Malaria

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- caused by a species of Plasmodium
- a disease with symptoms including fatigue, chills, high fever. It can lead to kidney failure, anemia, brain damage, and death

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What is the vector that transmits malaria?

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The Anopheles mosquito

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Phylum Zoomastigina

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- The flagellates
- Are called zooflagellates because they move by means of flagella
- Are responsible for several human diseases, including African sleeping sickness

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Trypanosoma

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- the zooflagellate that causes African sleeping sickness

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African Sleeping Sickness

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- transmitted by the tsetse fly, which is found only in Africa
- a disease that affects the central nervous system, causing weakness, sleepiness, and possibly death.

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What is the vector that transmits African sleeping sickness?

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- tsetse fly

Front 31

What are the general characteristics of Algae

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- most are microscopic unicellular or colonial organisms
- “Grass of many waters” (every natural water supply contains some type of algae)
- “Plant – like protists”
- they are the primary food – producing organisms in aquatic environments
- carry on about 70% of the oxygen – producing photosynthesis that takes place on the earth.

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Plankton

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- tiny floating aquatic organisms

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Phytoplankton

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- floating photosynthetic organisms, mostly algae

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Zooplankton

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- floating animals or protozoans

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Indicator organisms

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- algae that are used to detect pollution of a water supply.
- Some algae cannot exist in waters polluted by certain substances, and some algae will be found only in polluted waters.
- (Bacteria are also used as indicator organisms)

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Thallus

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- the basic unit of an alga
- can be unicellular, colonial, or multicellular
- the plantlike body of an algal colony

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Filament

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- a long chain of algal cells

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Holdfast

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- structures that anchor some algal colonies to submerged objects
- special cells for anchoring algae

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Sessile

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- algae that are attached to something

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Air bladder

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- small, air-filled spaces that cause a thallus to float

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Zoospores

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- a spore that has flagella and is involved in asexual reproduction
- produced by a zygospore

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Fragmentation

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- asexual reproduction by breaking apart
- colony is broken by physical disturbances

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Conjugation

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- means of sexual reproduction in paramecia

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Isogametes

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- gametes that are alike
- produced in special cells called gametangia

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Heterogametes

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- gametes that are different
- ova and sperm

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Oogonium

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- structure that produces ova
- produces female gametes

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Antheridium

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- structure that produces sperm
- produces male gametes

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Zygospore

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- two gametes unite and form a hard covering

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Algal reproduction:
-

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- methods of asexual reproduction are
- zoospores
- fragmentation

- methods of sexual reproduction are
- conjugation
- isogametes
- heterogametes

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Euglena

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- unicellular algae with flagella and eyespot
- algae that can be either photosynthetic or saprophytic

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Euglenoid movement

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- the euglena draws up in around ball and then extends itself forward

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Eyespot

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- a light-sensitive area in the anterior region of the euglena

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Carotenoids

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- yellow-orange pigments

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Pyrenoids

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- special organelles that manufacture starch

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Spirogyra

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- gets its name from its spiral chloroplast
- reproduce by conjugation
- belongs to the phylum chlorophyta

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Silica

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- one of the primary components of glass
- contained on the cell walls of diatoms

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Diatomaceous earth

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- a crumbly substance made of diatom shells
- is used in industrial processes (in filters and to insulate boilers) and as the abrasive agent in silver polish and toothpaste

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Algin

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- a gelatinous coating found on many brown algae
- used as a thickener in ice cream and other foods

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Agar

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- a product of red algae
- used in media for growing bacteria

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Bioluminescent

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- “light producing”

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Algal bloom

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- a condition that occurs when all the factors affecting growth and reproduction are near optimum
- some blooms are poisonous to other organisms in the area
- gives an unpleasant odor and colors the water

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Red tide

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- results from a severe bloom of dinoflagellates

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Water mold

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- usually live on dead organic matter
- is a fungus-like protist
- responsible for many kinds of blight (a disease in plants)
- responsible for the ‘Potato blight” which resulted in the Irish potato famine, which resulted in much immigration to America and had a great impact on American history.

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Potato blight

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- caused by water mold
- resulted in Irish potato famine

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Slime mold

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- live in moist cool environments
- is a fungus-like protist
- Play a large role as decomposer organisms

Front 66

What primary method is used to classify protozoans?

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- method of locomotion

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Why are the blue-green algae NOT included in the kingdom Protista?

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they all are prokaryotic

Front 68

Some algae have structures that resemble true roots, stems. and leaves. Why are they NOT considered members of the plant kingdom?

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-They lack specialized tissues
-The structures just look like roots, stems, and leaves. Under a microscope they are actually many intertwined filaments.

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The fungus-like protists are no longer considered members of the kingdom Fungi. Why?

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- their cell walls contain cellulose
- they are motile

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What 4 methods are used to classify algae?

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1. Thallus form
2. pigment (type of chlorophyll)
3. stored substances (method of food storage)
4. composition of cell wall