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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the most common infection in humans |
candida albicans |
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how does candida reproduce |
asexually by budding |
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how is the yeast form of candida linked to virulence |
yeast form is more easily disseminated through the bloodstream |
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how is the filamentous form of candida linked to virulence |
filamentous form facilitates invasion and evasion of phagocytosis |
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What is highly conserved on dendritic cell surfaces |
dectin-1 |
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What does dectin-1 do |
has c type lectin carbohydrate recognition domain, mediates recognition of b,1,3 and b1,6 linked glucans on the surface of intact cells and zymosan |
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engagement of dectin-1 resu;ts in |
tyrosine phosphorylation of its cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine based activation motif (ITAM) |
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Dectin-1 acts synergistically with TLRs to |
induce production of inflammatory cytokines and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) |
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Stimulation of immune cells through their TLRs leads to |
synthesis and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines |
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What does MyD88 stand for |
Myeloid differentiation factor 88 |
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MyD88 binds to TLR following activation by |
fungal cell wall components and CD14 |
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What does NF-kB stand for |
nuclear factor kB |
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NF-kB does what |
transcriptional activation of cytokine genes |
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IRF7 activates |
IFN-alpha, IFN-beta antiviral immune response |
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IFN3 activates |
CD40, CD80, CD86 T cell stimulation |
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candida expresses surface |
adhesins and mannproteins that activate alternative and lectin pathways |
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MBL stands for |
mannose binding lectin |
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MASP stands for |
mannose binding lectin associated serine proteases |
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what is MBL |
a collectin and a opsonin |
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what does MASP do |
couple collectins to the complement pathway |
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Phagocytosis of candida activates |
production of ROS |
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what is chromoblastomycosis |
non fatal disease of skin and subcutaneous tissues |
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helmiths consist of |
nematodes trematodes (flukes) cestodes (flatworms/tapeworms) |
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What are schistosoma |
most important fluke infection of humans |
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how does a schistosoma infection begin |
fresh water contaminated with motile, fork tailed cercariae |
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life cycle of schistosomes |
fresh water -eggs hatch into miracidia miracidia infect snails miracidia undergo maturation releasing cercariae |
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Immune responses during early stages of schistosome infection are directed at |
schistosomula and demonstrate a TH1 profile |
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With the onset of egg laying TH1 responses are replaced by |
vigerous TH2 responses directed against egg antigens |
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responses against egg antigens are characterised by |
tissue eosinophilia, elevated IgE and a TH2 pattern of cytokines. TIssue granulomas surrounding eggs |
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Granulomas are characterised by |
an organised circumferential infiltrate of TH2 cells, eosinophils, macrophages and fibroblasts within a dense collagen rich matrix |
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Granulomas are translocated |
into the intestinal lumen for excretion |
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Eggs swept into the liver get trapped in |
the hepatic sinusoids |
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Protozoa are divided into 2 groups |
those introduced by bites or tissue injury those introduced by injestion of contaminated water |
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what does VAT stand for |
variable antigen types |
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The VAT phenomenon is best known in which organism |
Trypanosome brucei |
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What does VSG stand for |
Variable surface glycoproteins |
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WHat happens to the VSG when it is recognised by the hosts immune system |
released through the flagellar reservoir and completely covers the parasite as a surface coat |
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VSG genes are expressed only |
when at the ends of chromosomes in special telomeric sites known as VSG expression sites |
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The initial immune response to T brucei is characterised by |
early release of inflammatory cytokines (IFN-g and TNF) associated with a TH1 immune response |
