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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dermatomes are representations of which _____ innervates a specific region of the _____. This is sensory information, so it enters the _____.
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spinal nerve ROOT
skin dorsal root |
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The hallmark of shingles is _____ distributed skin _____.
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dermatomally distributed skin lesions (along dermatomes)
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C5-T1 dermatomes
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tip of shoulder
thumb index finger little finger medial anterior arm |
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Consists of neurons that innervate involuntary muscle (smooth vessels/GI tract & cardiac) and glands. This is often described as the hollow organ nervous system.
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Autonomic Nervous system=
Visceral Nervous System |
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The autonomic nervous system is divided into 2 parts. Name them and their divisions. BOTH divisions utilize a _____ system (going out) to innervate viscera (organs)
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Sympathetic (originates in the thoracolumbar) division
Parasympathetic (originates in the craniosacral) division 2 neuron system |
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What are the 2 neurons in the autonomic nervous system called?
Hint: pre & post. These autonomic neurons are designated as _____ nerves. |
Presynaptic/preganglionic
AND Postganglionic/postsynaptic neurons visceral motor |
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The anatomic distinction between the two divisions (symp vs. parasymp) is based on the location of the preganglionic neuron _____:
Sympathetic preganglionic nerves originate in the _____ of spinal cord segments _____. Parasympathetic preganglionic nerves originate in the _____ and the _____ of spinal cord segments _____. |
cell bodies
gray matter of spinal cord segments T1-L2 brainstem (CN 3, 7, 9, 10) gray matter of spinal cord segments S2-S4 |
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Sympathetic Division of the ANS:
Energy expending system (_____) that helps our body deal with _____. _____ response _____ the pupils _____ cardiac output _____ blood vessels _____ sweat glands Innervates _____ muscles Sympathetics are found throughout the _____. |
catabolic
stress flight or fight dilates the pupils increased cardiac output redirects some blood vessels innervates sweat glands innervates arrector pili muscles found throughout the entire body |
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Parasympathetic Division of the ANS
Energy conserving system (_____) _____ & _____ responses _____ heart rate _____ pupils Increases GI _____/_____ |
anabolic
Rest & digest decreases constricts motility/blood flow |
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There are no parasympathetics in the_____ or the _____
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skin & limbs
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In the sympathetic division of the ANS, cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons are located in the _____ of the spinal cord _____ matter between the _____ segments of the spinal cord. There are a pair of cell "columns" in the lateral horns of the spinal cord referred to as the _____ in which the cell bodies are found.
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lateral horn
gray matter T1 & L2 intermediolateral cell columns |
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Sympathetic Division of the ANS
The cell bodies of the postganglionic sympathetic neurons are located in either: _____ ganglia (sympathetic trunks/chains) or _____ ganglia- which are ganglia generally located along the aorta in the abdomen (celiac, mesenteric ganglia (pretty sure we talk about this later) |
Paravertebral
Prevertebral |
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_____ (chains) are two parallel nerve cords extending on each side of the vertebral. Only the _____ division of the ANS utilizes this chain. The chains are connected to adjacent spinal nerves (actually the ventral rami) via _____ throughout the length of the vertebral column
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Sympathetic trunks
sympathetic rami communicantes |
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rami communicantes: always go in the _____ (myelinated) and out the _____.
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white/gray
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The cell bodies of the visceral sensory nerves are in the _____.
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dorsal root ganglion
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Visceral motor neurons are always going to go to synapse at a neuron in the _____. They may take the elevator up/down (outside T1-L2), but sensory-wise they'll always....
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sympathetic chain
get back to the spinal cord as quick as possible. |
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Transitional areas: the _____ (armpit), the _____ (anterior elbow), & the _____ (wrist). Important structure pass through/are related to these areas
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axilla
cubital fossa carpal tunnel |
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The cubital fossoa houses the passage of the _____ artery and the _____ nerve.
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brachial artery
median nerve |
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Carpal tunnel represents a gateway to the palm for the _____ and the _____
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9 long flexors tendons
median nerve |
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Serves as a moveable strut allowing the scapula to move freely along the thoracic wall
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clavicle
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Sternal end of clavicle articulates with the manubrium of the sternum at the _____.
Acromial end articulates with the acromion of the scapula at the _____. |
sternoclavicular joint (SC)
acromioclavicular joint (AC) |
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Helps transmit shock from the upper limb to the axial skeleton. As a result, it's the most frequently fractured bone in the body.
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clavicle
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Clavicle Fractures
Usually through the middle _____ of bone. Patients hold and support their arm _____ elevates proximal fragment. Affected side has a lower _____. |
1/3
sternocleidomastoid shoulder |
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SC Joint
_____ joint between the clavicle & manubrium Only _____ articulation between the upper limb and axial skeleton _____ articulation-rarely dislocates _____ degrees of motion...that's a lot being so strong |
saddle type synovial
true extremely strong 60 |
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SC joint is reinforced by STRONG _____ along with the inferior _____.
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anterior/posterior SC ligaments
Interclavicular ligaments |
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AC joint:
_____ type _____ joint between the acromion & clavicle. What's special about this joint? |
Plane type synovial joint
There's numerous ligaments that help strength the AC joint like acromioclavicular ligament, coracoacromial ligament, and the coracoclavicular ligaments. |
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Ligaments in the AC joint:
_____-provides superior strength to the joint capsule between the acromion and the clavicle _____ – between the coracoid and acromion processes _____- strong pair of ligaments that unites coracoid process and the clavicle (trapezoid & conoid ligaments) |
Acromioclavicular ligament
Coracoacromial ligament Coracoclavicular “extrinsic” ligaments |
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Acromioclavicular Joint Injuries
1st degree = _____ or _____ of the AC ligament but the joint is still intact 2nd degree – a _____ of AC ligament with _____ of the joint 3rd degree- in these injuries both the AC and the _____ ligaments are _____ 3rd degree injuries (sometimes refered to as “shoulder separations” but should be called AC dislocations - the shoulder separates or _____ from the clavicle due to the weight of the arm. |
stretch or minor tear
rupture & subluxation coracoclavicular torn falls away |
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Forms a “bridge” over the major neurovascular structures entering the arm including:
Axillary artery Axillary vein Brachial plexus |
Pect Minor
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Trace the subclavian artery
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Subclavian
1st Rib Axillary Artery Teres Major Brachial Artery |
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Axillary artery is divided by the _____. The first part has _____ branch, the 2nd part has _____ branches, the 3rd part has _____ branches.
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Pect Minor
1 2 3 |
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3rd part of Axillary Artery: know these 3 branches:
_____, _____, _____ |
Subscapular Branch
Anterior/Posterior Humeral circumflex |
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_____-Helps vascularize the humerus and surrounding muscles,
Do not pass go before answering this question (posterior is larger and courses through the _____ space) |
Anterior/Posterior Humeral Circumflex branch of the axillary artery
quadrangular |
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Should the _____ ever become blocked (thrombosis)….the numerous
blood vessels that anastomose around the scapula can convey blood to the arm |
axillary artery
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Segments of the Brachial Plexus
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Origins (C5-T1)
Trunks (Superior, Middle, Inferior) Divisions Chords (Posterior, Medial, Lateral) Branches |
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What's the difference between a root and a rami?
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Roots come out of the chord and are divided by sensory/motor
Rami come out of ganglion and deal with position of the body |
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The roots/origins* of the brachial plexus are formed by the _____ of C5-T1
Choices: dorsal/ventral roots; dorsal/ventral rami |
ventral RAMI
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Divisions of the Brachial Plexus:
Anterior divisions eventually form nerves that innervate muscles in _____ compartments of the arm. Posterior (P) divisions combine and eventually form nerves that innervate muscles in _____ compartments of the arm |
flexor (anterior)
extensor posterior |
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Brachial Plexus Nerve:
Musculocutaneous Nerve Ulnar Nerve Median |
Innervates flexors of the arm
Intrinsic muscles of the hand and some forearm flexors Innervates most forearm flexors and thenar muscles |
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Brachial Plexus Nerve:
Radial Nerve Median |
Innervates extensors of the arm & forearm
Innervates most forearm flexors and thenar (thumb) muscles |
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DIFFICULT BRACHIAL PLEXUS
Dorsal Scapular Upper & Lower Subscapular Suprascapular Axillary Lateral Pect Musculocutaneous Long Thoracic Radial Median Middle (thoracodorsal) subscapular Ulnar Medial Pectoral Medial cutaneous nerve of arm Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm |
C5
C5&C6 C5&C6&C7 C5-T1 C6&C7&C8 C7-T1 C8-T1 |
