Cbio 3

Front 1

What's the vertebral canal?

Back 1

The canal produced from adjacent vertebral foramina.

Front 2

Meninges

Back 2

spinal membranes

Front 3

The spinal cord is a continuation of the _____. This is the origin of the spinal cord. In adults, the cord extends to _____ (_____ in babies). Thus, the spinal cord only occupies the _____ of the vertebral canal.

Back 3

medulla oblongata
L1/L2
L3
superior 2/3

Front 4

The bony vertebral column grows _____ rapidly than the spinal cord causing the cord to shift to higher levels (from L3-L1 for instance). As a result, the nerve roots must _____, run down the cord, and insert into their corresponding _____.

Back 4

more
lengthen
IV foramen

Front 5

Which nerve roots grow the longest because of the disproportionate growth between the spinal cord and vertebra? The collection of nerve ROOTS is referred to as _____

Back 5

Lumbar & Sacral/Coccygeal
cauda equina (horse's tail)

Front 6

Surrounding the spinal cord and extending from the base of the skull to S2 vertebral level is the _____…a tough protective covering formed by the dura mater. It extends _____ than the spinal cord.

Back 6

Dura sac
longer

Front 7

The tapered portion at the end of the spinal cord is referred to as _____. Extending from this medullary cone is the _____, which helps tether/anchor the cord.

Back 7

Conus medullaris
filum terminale

Front 8

Example:
The T10 spinal nerve exits the vertebral column just below the _____ thoracic vertebra (vertebral column level).
The T10 spinal cord level is located at about the _____ thoracic vertebra level

Back 8

10th
8th

Front 9

Spinal _____ is the outer most membrane covering of the cord. It extends laterally into the _____ along the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal nerves forming the _____. The dural sleeve then blends with the _____, the outer covering of the spinal nerve.

Back 9

dura mater
intervertebral foramen
dural sleeve
epineurium

Front 10

The _____ is a delicate, fibrous membrane that lines the inside of the dura and the dural sleeves

Back 10

arachnoid mater

Front 11

Arachnoid is held against the inner surface of the dura (and dural sleeve) by the _____.

Back 11

CSF pressure

Front 12

The subarachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord is _____ with the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain

Back 12

continuous

Front 13

This thin membrane firmly adheres to the surface of the spinal cord and overlying blood vessels

Back 13

pia mater.

Front 14

Between the vertebral canal and dura mater is the _____, which contains adipose (fat) tissue and the ______.

Back 14

epidural space
internal (epidural) venous plexus

Front 15

Neither the internal venous plexus or the basivertebral veins (veins from the vertebral bodies) have _____…allowing blood to flow unimpeded up and/or down the vertebral column. This presents problems with _____ since the internal venous plexus has a lot of connections.

Back 15

valves
cancers

Front 16

Arteriole supply: _____ oriented vessels that descend on the surface of the cord OR helper/feeder vessels that enter the vertebral canal via the _____. BOTH types are required.

Back 16

longitudinally
intervertebral foramen

Front 17

The longitudinal vessels typically consists of a _____ and _____. BOTH of these arise from the vertebral artery.

Back 17

single anterior spinal artery
two posterior spinal arteries

Front 18

In doing a spinal tap, list all the layers that a needle has to go through

Back 18

Needle is inserted through the:
Supraspinous ligament
Interspinous ligament
Ligamentum flavum and finally the dura/arachnoid membranes into the subarachnoid space where CSF can be aspirated

Front 19

The _____ helps prevent herniation of the IV disc. If a hernia does occur, it'll happen in the _____ position because the PLL isn't covering that area very well.

Back 19

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
posterior-lateral

Front 20

95% of lumbar disc herniations occur at the _____ or _____ level.

Back 20

L4/L5 (affects L5 spinal nerve)
L5/S1 (affects S1 spinal nerve)

Front 21

Cervical Vertebrae:
Transverse processes are trough-shaped with a groove for the _____. Transverse processes of cervical vertebrae end laterally in two small projections- the _____.

Back 21

spinal nerve
anterior & posterior tubercles

Front 22

The _____ is quite large and referred to as the carotid tubercle- common carotid artery can be compressed against this as one palpates a pulse

Back 22

anterior tubercle of C6

Front 23

Ring shaped cervical vertebra

Back 23

atlas

Front 24

No spinous processes or body

Back 24

atlas

Front 25

Atlas: 2 lateral masses connected by an _____. The superior articular facets are _____ and articulate with the _____ of the skull. The posterior arch has an _____ for the _____. The anterior arch has an _____ for the _____.

Back 25

anterior and posterior arch
kidney-shaped
occipital condyles
interior (inside ring) grove for the vertebral artery
interior facet for the dens

Front 26

Strongest of all cervical vertebrae.
Widest of all cervical vertebrae.

Back 26

axis
atlas

Front 27

Another name for dens

Back 27

odontoid process.

Front 28

Atlas rotates on the large flat _____. Axis has a large _____ for muscular attachments.

Back 28

superior articular facets of C2 (axis)
bifid spinous process

Front 29

There is no _____ between C1 and C2 or between C1 and the base of the skull (the _____ bone)

Back 29

IV disc
occipital bone

Front 30

Fractures of Atlas (C1) referred to as “_____”… burst fracture of C1 (compression of cervical region…_____ accidents)

Back 30

Jefferson Fracture
diving

Front 31

Fractures of Axis (C2) often referred to as _____ that involves the dens or odontoid process which, if displaced, can injure the spinal cord and result in quadraplegia

Back 31

Hangman Fracture

Front 32

The skull and C1 typically pivot as a _____. i.e. The skull and atlas rotate around the pivot of the dens when the head is turned.

Back 32

unit

Front 33

Hyperextension injuries can also result in _____ of the cervical vertebrae…putting the spinal cord at risk

Back 33

compression fractures

Front 34

The Posterior Longitudinal ligament continues superiorly along the vertebral bodies and becomes the _____, which provide a forms a tent over the _____ and _____ ligaments. These latter 2 ligaments hold the _____ in place.

Back 34

Tectoral Membrane
Cruciate & Alar ligaments
dens

Front 35

A cross shaped ligament whose transverse portion is chiefly responsible for holding the dens in place. If displaced, the displaced dens could result in death.

Back 35

Cruciate Ligament