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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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sacchromycus cerevisial
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yeast used to make beer/bread/alcohol
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What are the 2 types of alveolar cells?
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type 1-squamous epithelial cells
allow gas diffusion type 2-cuboidal cells produce surfactant, which allows for repeated expansion and prevents collapse of air sacs |
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What is the main pulmonary surfactant?
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dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline
(2 tails are made of palmitic acid) |
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What are the main respiratory muscles?
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diaphragm
rectus abdominus external/internal intercostals |
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dust cells
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most numerous of all cells in the lung
wander the lumens of the alveoli and phagocytize dust particles |
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What are the forces in glomerular filtration?
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+60 blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP)
-32 colloid osmotic pressure (COP) -18 capsular pressure (CP) ------------------------------ 10 mmHg net filtration pressure |
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What are some of the functions of the liver?
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-detoxification
-immune clearance -role in regulation of blood volume, blood pressure (secretes angiotensinogen) -secretes hepcidin (iron absorption) -secretes EPO -secretes complement proteins -vitamin D synthesis -secretes IGF-1 in response to GF -gluconeogenesis (makes glucose out of proteins) |
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What are the 10 steps of glycolysis?
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glucose
glucose 6 fructose 6 fructose 1,6 bisphosphate (2) glyceraldehyde (and dihydroxy acetone phosphate..) (2) 1,3 BPG (2) 3 phosphoglycerate (2) 2 phosphoglycerate (2) phophoenol-pyruvate (2) pyruvate |
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What is the TOTAL and NET ATP production during glycolysis?
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total: 4 ATPs
-2 ATPs used ----------------------------------- net: 2 ATPs |
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Where does glycolysis take place in the cell?
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the cytosol
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What does pyruvate dehydrogenase do?
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catalyzes 3 reactions:
-dehydrogenation -incorporation of coenzyme A -decarboxylation |
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Where do the intermediate step AND the Krebs cycle occur?
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the inner compartment of the mitochondria
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What are the 8 steps of the Krebs cycle?
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citric acid (6-c)
isocitrate (6-c) [NAD => NADH] alpha keto-glutarate (5-c) [NAD => NADH] (alpha keto glutarate dehydrogenase complex converts this into.. succinyl coA (4-c) [GDP => GTP] succinate (4-c) [FAD => FADH] fumerate (4-c) malate (4-c) [NAD => NADH] oxaloacetate (4-c) |
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why do we need oxygen in terms of the electron transport chain?
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oxygen acts as a final acceptor of electrons in ETC of mitochondria
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PMF
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proton motive force
pumping protons across a membrane to create a proton-motive force that can drive synthesis of another type of molecule |
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monosomy
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lack of a chromosome
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trisomy
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presence of an extra chromosome
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triple X syndrome
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nondisjunction must occur first, meaning a pair of chromosomes fail to separate
XX receives an X from sperm, result is XXX zygote female will be infertile and may have intellectual impairment |
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Klinefelter syndrome
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XX receives a Y from male, resulting in XXY
sterile males; underdeveloped testes, sparse hair, and enlarged breasts |
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Turner syndrome
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XO zygote (O means represents the absence of one sex chromosome)
ovaries are absent, girl will be sterile, and will have short stature |
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Down syndrome
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trisomy on chromosome 21
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