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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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TRH (name, location of synthesis, secretion and target)
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Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone; sythesized and secreted by Hypothalamus; targets Thyrotrope cells in the Anterior Pituitary
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Anatomy
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the study of structure
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Physiology
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the study of function
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Homeostasis
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the ability to maintain the internal environment
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Body Temperature
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98.6F or 37C
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blood Ph
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7.35-7.45
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Alkalosis
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blood Ph is >7.45
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Acidosis
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blood Ph is <7.35
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Blood glucose level
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80-110mg/100ml
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Insulin
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hormone secreted by beta cells that converts glucose to glycogen
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beta cells
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secrete insulin; located in the Islets of Langerhans in the Pancreas
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glycogen
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a polysaccharide formed of many glucose bonded together by glocosidic bonds for storage in the liver
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glucagon
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hormone secreted by alpha cells; converts glycogen back to glucose
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Alpha Cells
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located in the Islets of Langerhans in the Pancreas; synth and secretes Glucagon
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Negative Feedback
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maintains homeostasis through inhibiting
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Thyrotropes
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cell type that responds to TRH by secreting TSH; located in the Anterior Pituitary; synthesizes TSH
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TSH
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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone; synthesized and secreted by Thyrotrope cells; targets Follicular cells of the thyroid
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Follicular cells
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cell type in the Thyroid that synths and secretes thyroid hormones, T(sub 3) in response to TSH
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T(sub 3)
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Thyroid hormone Triiodithryronine, "metabolizing hormone."
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Importance of Iodine
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Thyroid uses Iodine to synth hormones
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Hypothyroidism
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insufficiency in iodine; leads to goiter
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goiter
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enlarged thyroid
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Negative feedback loop of thyroid hormones
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excess thyroid hormones inhibits the Anterior Pituitary and the Hypothalamus from secreting hormones that stimulate production of thyroid hormones
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Positive Feedback
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increasing a process (sometimes to the detriment of homeostasis)
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Positive Feedback loop example
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head of baby pushes cervix--> nerve impulses travel to hypothalamus--> hypothalamus instucts Posterior Pituitary to release oxytocin (OT)--> OT reaches cells of uterus to stimulate contractions
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Parturition
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Child birth
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OT
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oxytocin
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Oxytocin
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hormone for lactation; the "love hormone" (increases bonding); synthed by Hypothalamus
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Optic Chiasm
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where the optic nerves meet; landmark for Anterior
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Anterior Pituitary
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contains many cell types, each specialized to synth and secrete a hormone; instucted by hypothalamus
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Posterior Pituitary
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stores OT and ADH (Anti-diuretic hormone); does NOT synth.--only stores. OT and ADH are synthed in Hypothalamus
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ADH
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Anti-diuretic hormone; prevents dehydration by conserving water
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Anatomical Position
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erect, arms at sides, palms supinated, feet on floor
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Anterior
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front; vs. Posterior
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Posterior
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back; vs. Anterior
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Superior
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above; vs. inferior
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Inferior
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below; vs. Superior
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Ventral
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anterior; vs Dorsal
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Dorsal
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posterior; vs. Ventral
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Medial
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closer to midline; vs. Lateral
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Lateral
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closer to sides of body; vs. Medial
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Ipsilateral
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same side; vs. Contralateral
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Contralateral
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opposite sides; vs. Ipsilateral
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Exterior
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superficial; vs. Interior
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Interior
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deep; vs. Exterior
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Epi-
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above; vs. Hypo-
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Hypo-
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below; vs. Epi-
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Proximal
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closer to attaching joint; vs. Distal
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Distal
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farther from attaching joint; vs. Proximal
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Pronation
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palms facing back; vs. Supination
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Supination
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palms forward; vs. Pronation
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Sketch the Four Quadrants of the Abdomin
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RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ
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Sketch the Nine Abdominal Regions
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subcostal line; interturbercular line; mid-clavicular line; epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric, hypochondriac, lumbar, iliac
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Coronal Plane
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vertical line dividing the anterior and posterior
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Sagital Plane
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vertical line dividing the right and left
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Mid-sagital Plane
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a sagital plane running exactly on the midline
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Transverse Plane
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divides the body into superior and inferior
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Dorsal Cavities
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Cranial and Vertebral
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Ventral Cavities
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Throacic (Pleural and Pericardium) and Abdominopelvic/Peritonium
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Cranial Cavity
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encloses the brain
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Vertebral Cavity
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encloses the spinal cord
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Membranes of Dorsal cavities
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3; Dura mater, Arachnoid membrane and Pia mater (from superior to inferior)
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Thoracic Cavities
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Pleural and Pericardium
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Pleural Cavities
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2; enclose the lungs
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Mediastinum
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column of space between the two pleural cavitites; encloses the pericardium, trachea, esopogus, and thymus
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Pericardium
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encloses the heart
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"Peri-"
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around
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Peritonium
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encloses all the visera of the Abdominopelvic region.
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Serous Membrane
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Serosa membrane; double layer membrane with serous fluid inbetween. covers all ventral cavities
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Parietal layer
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outer layer of the Serous membrane that lines the cavity
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Visceral Layer
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inner layer of the Serous membrane that covers the organ
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Serous fluid
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lubricates organ movement; between layer of serous membrane
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Retro peritonium
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behind the peritonium, not included in serous membrane; includes kidneys, aorta, vena cava and the pancreas
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Pelvic Cavity
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below peritonium, not included in serous membrane; ex. urinary bladder
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Mesentary
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serous membrane that attaches intestines to the wall of the body
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Levels of Organization of the Human body
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Atoms, Molecules, Organelles, Cell, Tissue, Organs, Organ Systems, Organism
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"Big Four" Atoms
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Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen
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Organic Molecules
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Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
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Cytology
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study of the cell
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Tissue Types
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Muscular, epithilial, nervous, connective
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Epithilial tissue
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covers the body's surface and lines the cavities open to the exterior
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Organ Systems
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Integumentary, Digestive, Respiratory, Muscular, Lymphatic, Reproductive, Nervous, Circulatory, Endocrine, Skeletal, Urinary
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DNA
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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RNA
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Ribonucleic Acid
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Lesser Omentum
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attaches stomach to liver
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Greater Omentum
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covers the small intestine; holds many blood vessels
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Omenta
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specific types of mesentary
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Vitamin D process
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Keratinocytes use UV light and heat to convert cholesterol to Vitamin D(sub-3) (least active)-->sent to liver and converted to calcidiol-->sent to kidneys and converted to calatriol (most active)-->diffuses into digestive system and enhances calcium absorption in the small intestine--> calcium is incorporated into osseus tissue
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Vitamin D(sub-3)
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converted from cholesterol by Keratinocytes
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glucose
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the blood sugar
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Keratinocytes
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cell type in the skin; converts cholesterol to Vitamin D(sub-3); also synth and secretes keratin the "hair protein"
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keratin
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water-proof protein that prevents water loss through the skin
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Most active form of Vitamin D
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Calatriol
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Structural unit of Carbohydrates
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monosaccharides
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Structural unit of Proteins
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amino acids
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Structural unit of Lipids
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mostly Fatty Acids and Glycerol
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Structural unit of Nucleic Acids
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nucleotides
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Pentoses
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type of monosaccharide; five carbon sugars;
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Examples of Pentoses
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ribose, Deoxyribose
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Ribose
formula and sketch |
C5H10O5
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Deoxyribose
formula and sketch |
C5H10O4
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Hexoses
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type of monosaccharides; six carbon sugars
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Examples of Hexoses
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Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
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Glucose
formula and sketch |
C6H12O6
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Fructose
formula and sketch |
C6H12O6
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Isomers
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molecules that have the same formula but different compositions
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Disaccharides
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2 monosaccharides; bonded by dehydration/condensation
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Examples of disaccharides
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sucrose, lactose, maltose
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sucrose
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glucose + fructose; C12H22O11
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Lactose
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glucose + galactose; C12H22O11
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Maltose
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glucose + glucose
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Polysaccharides
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many saccharides; humans can only synth one--glycogen
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Examples of Polysaccharides
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Glycogen and cellulose
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Glycogen
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many glucose held together by covalent bonds, specifically a glycosidic bond. glucose is in a branched formation; of animal origin
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Cellulose
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plant origin; a straight chain of glucose units
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Structure of Amino acids
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Amino group, Alpha carbon, carboxyl group and remaining group.
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How many amino acids are there?
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20
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how many amino acids can our bodies synth?
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12
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Examples of Amino acids
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glycine, cystine, Phenylalanine, Tyrosine
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Glycine
sketch |
Gly
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Cystine
Sketch |
Cys; one of two sulfur containing amino acids; plays an important role in stabilizing proteins (disulfide bonds)
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Phenylalonine
Sketch |
Phe
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Tyrosine
sketch |
Tyr
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Phenylalanine Hydroxylase
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protein enzyme that converts Phe to Tyr by adding Hydroxy group
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Genotype
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genetic make-up
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phenotype
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physical traits
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Central Dogma "Gene Expression"
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DNA--(transcription)-->RNA--(translation)-->proteins
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Phenyl Ketones
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Converted from Phe when there is a build up due to a genetic inability to synth Tyr; causes PKU
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PKU
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Phenyl Ketonuria; disease caused by Phenyl Ketones attacking the neurons of the nervous system
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Foods that contain Phe
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bananas, milk, diet drinks
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Dipeptide
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result of two amino acids forming a peptide bond together through dehydration
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Depict Peptide bond
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N-C-C-N-C-C; always after second C
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Tripeptide
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three amino acids linked together with peptide bonds
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Polypeptide
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many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
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Structural Organizations of Proteins
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Primary (amino acid sequence); Secondary (ex. alpha helix, beta pleated sheets) hydrogen bonds; tertiary (ex. disulfide bonds) covalent bonds; quaternary
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Alpha Helix
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secondary structure of protein; spiral-like structure maintained by hydrogens bonds (weak)
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Beta Pleated Sheets
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secondary structure of protein; folded structure maintained by hydrogens bonds (weak)
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Disulfide bonds/bridges
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tertiary stucture of protein; bend maintained by covalent bond between two Cys
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Lysozyme
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example of protein with disulfide bridge; enzyme protein found in lacrimal secretion (tears); breaks down bacterial cell wall
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Peptidoglycan
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what bacteria use to make cell wall and targeted by lysozyme as well as antibiotics like penicillin to kill bacteria.
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Quaternary Structure
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protein made up of more than 1 polypeptide chain. ex: Hemoglobin-4 polypeptide chains (2 beta, 2 alpha)
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Cause of Sickle cell anemia
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when the 6th amino acid (out of 146) in beta chain of hemoglobin, glucamate, is mutated into valine.
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Sickle cell anemia cycle
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sickle cell-->hemolysis-->less than normal O2 level in blood (Hypoxemia)-->more sickling
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Describe a sickle cell
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pointed, fragile (hemolysis), sticky (agglutination)
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Sketch saturated fatty acid
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COOH+tail
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Saturated fatty acid
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solid at room temp, can stack together. carboxyl group with chain of carbon and hydrogen
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Sketch Unsaturated fatty acid
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COOH+tail with double bond
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Unsaturated fatty acid
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liquid at room temp; double bond creates kink in tail which disallows stacking. usually from plant oil
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Sketch trans fatty acid
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unsturated fatty acid synthesized to be without a kink.
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Trans fatty acid
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solid at room temp b/c it can pack together; long shelf life but is resistant to degredation in circulation; contributor of heart disease
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Monoglycerides (sketch)
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C-C-C + fatty acid through dehydration
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glycerol
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3 carbon alcohol
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Fat without fatty acid
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cholesterol
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cholesterol (sketch)
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4 rings--3 hex, 1 pent
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Components of Nucleotide
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Nitrogen base, sugar, phosphate group
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Types of Nitrogen bases
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Purine, Pyrimidine
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Purine
examples and sketch |
Adenine, Guanine
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Pyrimidine
examples and sketch |
Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine
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Sugar of Nucleic Acid
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Ribose or Deoxyribose; attached at carbon atom #1 of sugar and N
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Nucleotide
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Nitrogen base and sugar without phosphate group
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Phosphate group
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attaches to carbon #6 of sugar through dehydration
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dehydrogenation
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removal of H2
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