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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functions of the Thoracic Cage
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Protection of thoracic viscera & some abdominal organs
Provides mechanical functions of breathing (Protection & Breathing) |
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Main muscle of inspiration
Other muscles involved? |
Primarily diaphragm
External Intercostalis Scalenes SCM Pectoralis Minor Serratus Posterior |
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Contraction of the diaphragm causes it to _____ thereby _____ the thoracic cavity.
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Descend
Increasing |
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Expiration:
Primarily _____ of the chest and lung tissue. Assisting respiratory muscles: _____ _____--compresses abdominal contents into thorax pushing the diaphragm _____ |
Passive Recoil
Internal Intercostals Abdominal wall muscles up |
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Besides the 12 ribs & sternum, what else does the thoracic skeleton include?
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T1-T12 & their IV discs
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Sternum is made up of
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the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
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What articulates on the manubrium?
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Ribs 1 & 2 and the clavicle
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Articulation between the manubrium and the body.
Important because it's _____. What articulates here? It's directly opposite to what? |
Sternal Angle
(Angle of Louis) palpable 2nd Rib the 4th Thoracic vertebra |
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What can you palpate at the base of the neck?
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the jugular notch
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The body of the sternum is located at about _____.
In youngsters- 4 _____ (primordial segments) are obvious These 4 sternebrae fuse at _____ by about age 20-25 Lateral border of the body has facets for costal cartilages of _____ |
T5-T9
sternebrae transverse ridges ribs 2-7 |
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The Xiphoid process lies at the _____ level. Often pointed but it may be blunt, bifid, or _____. Cartilaginous in youngester but ossifies by age _____. Body and xiphoid articulate the _____ joint.
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T10
curved 40 xiphisternal |
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Ribs are _____ in weight, but highly _____. Ribs have a _____ interior containing bone marrow that forms _____.
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light
resilient spongy red blood cells |
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3 Types of Ribs:
_____ (True)- articulates directly with sternum via its own costal cartilage (ribs _____) _____(False)- indirect articulation with sternum via costal cartilage of the superior rib (ribs _____) _____ (Floating)- do not articulate with sternum, end in the posterior abdominal wall (ribs _____) |
Vertebrocostal
1-7 Vertebrochondral 8-10 Vertebral 11-12 |
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Typical Ribs: Ribs _____.
Head has 2 _____ (superior & interior) for articulation with _____. There is a _____ between these 2 facets. _____ has a facet for articulation with the corresponding _____ of the vertebra. The _____ is between the tubercle and the head. Shaft- thin, flat and curved. Has a costal angle where rib turns _____ and a _____ inferiorly for neurovascular structures |
3-9
facets 2 vertebral bodies crest Tubercle Transverse process neck anterolateral costal groove |
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Rib 5 articulates with the body of _____ and _____.
The tubercle of a typical rib articulates with the _____ transverse process. |
T4 & T5
corresponding |
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free bee
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above
corresponding |
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What should we know about the 1st rib?
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It has grooves for the subclavian vessels.
Site of the scalene tubercle |
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Ribs 11-12...
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don't articulate with the transverse processes
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The costal cartilages contribute to the _____ of the thoracic wall.
Costal cartilages #_____, _____, _____ articulate with the costal cartilages just superior to themselves. |
elasticity
8, 9, 10 |
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Transverse processes for thoracic vertebrae are _____
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long & slender
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What's special about T11 and T12?
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They only have 2 costal facets on their bodies...the rest have 4
They have no transverse costal facets |
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Weakest part of ribs
Most commonly fractured ribs Broken ribs are Rib that is less likely to be broken |
just anterior to its angle
Middle Painful 1st Rib |
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The head of a typical rib articulates with the _____ of thoracic vertebra of same number (by its own inferior articular facet)
Inferior costal facet of the vertebra _____ (by its own superior articular facet). These form the _____ plane joint. |
Superior costal facet
above costovertebral joint |
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_____-synovial plane joint between ribs and transverse processes
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Costotransverse
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_____–cartilaginous joint between ribs and costal cartilage
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Costochondral
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_____-synovial plane type joints between the sternum and the _____ costal cartilages
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Sternocostal
2nd-7th |
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provides attachment for the diaphragm and communicates with abdominal cavity
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Inferior Thoracic Aperature
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Doorway between the thoracic cavity and the viscera of the neck
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Superior Thoracic Aperature
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External intercostals go in to your _____. Internal intercostals go out to your _____.
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bellybutton
back pockets |
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The neurovascular structures are located on the _____ of a rib. Going superior to inferior, the order is _____, _____, _____. Intercostals are innervated by _____ nerves.
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underside
vein, artery, nerve intercostal nerves |
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The 3 layers of the intercostals correspond well with the
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3 layers of abdominal muscles
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Thoracocentesis- a needle can be inserted through _____ (avoiding the upper and lower sets of neurovascular structures) into the pleural cavity to remove blood or pus
Intercostal nerve blocks-local anesthetic infiltrated around _____ intercostal nerves to provide anesthesia to thoracic wall |
intercostal space
several |
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External Intercostal Muscles:
_____ on each side-one in each intercostal space Near the costal cartilage, the fibers fade out and are replaced by aponeurotic membrane called _____. Action of respiratory muscles...they _____ and _____ ribs |
11
External Intercostal Membrane elevate depress |
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Internal Intercostal Muscles
11 on each side-one in each interspace Near costal angles- fibers fade and are replaced by aponeurotic membrane called _____. These are _____ muscles. |
Internal Intercostal Membrane
Respiratory |
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The innermost intercostals are not, unlike the internal and external intercostals, _____. These are separated from the internal intercostal muscles by the _____ and vessels and the _____.
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continuous
intercostal nerves neurovascular plane |
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Rule: neurovascular structures (vessels & nerves) always course in a “neurovascular plane” between the _____ and _____
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internal and innermost intercostal muscles
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Starburst muscle
Origin Insertion Action |
Transversus Thoracis
Sternum Internal surface of costal cartilages 1-6 Depress ribs |
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The vasculature of the Thoracic Wall arises from 2 major arteries...name them.
2 Internal thoracic arteries arises from the _____ and descends along the sternum giving off the _____, which course in the costal _____. _____ arteries arise from the aorta and course between the ribs where they anastomose with the _____ Check out illustration. Key code QWER. |
Thoracic aorta
Subclavian arteries subclavians anterior intercostal arteries groove Posterior intercostal anterior intercostals |
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The internal thoracic artery divides into the _____ which descends into the _____ and the _____ which typically give rise to the remaining _____.
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(medial) superior epigastric
rectus abdominus musculophrenic 5/6 anterior intercostals |
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The mediastinum is a _____ not a structure
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space
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The mediastinum is located medial to the _____ in the _____ compartment of the thoracic cavity
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two pulmonary cavities
central |
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The mediastinum is a highly _____ region as it is occupied by _____ i.e. heart, esophagus, aorta…
Extends from the _____ to the _____ inferiorly and from sternum anteriorly to bodies of thoracic vertebrae posteriorly |
mobile
hollow visceral structures superior thoracic inlet diaphragm |
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Superior division of mediastinum extends from the superior thoracic inlet to the _____ (sternal angle to T4/T5 level)
Inferior division extends from transverse thoracic plane to the _____. It's further divided into anterior, middle, and posterior. |
transverse thoracic plane
diaphragm |
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Check out asdfasdfa
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asdfasdfa
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Major vessels that return venous blood to the heart include:
See picture |
Right and left external jugular veins- draining blood from the SCALP AND FACE
Right and left internal jugular vein-which join the subclavians (from the limbs). The union between these 2 is referred to as the venous angle; also the dump site of some LYMPHATIC vessels like the right lymphatic & left thoracic duct. These large veins unite to form the right & left BRACHIOCEPHIC vein The brachiocephalics then join to form the SVC |
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Arterial System near the heart:
The Brachiocephalic trunk gives rise to the _____ and the _____ arteries. Note, the _____ is to the right of the aorta. |
Common Carotid
Subclavian Pulmonary Trunk |
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The thymus is a _____ organ
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lymphoid
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The _____ nerve innervates the diaphragm and the _____ of the heart.
What's its nerve roots? |
Phrenic
pericardium C3, C4, C5 |
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Pericardium:
_____-walled sac that encloses the heart and roots of the great vessels Tough external _____ layer which protects the heart The internal layer of the pericardium is a glistening layer called the _____ pericardium, which has 2 parts: _____ pericardium (1) lines the inside of the fibrous pericardium and reflects onto the heart as the _____ pericardium (2) which forms the epicardium of the heart The pericardial cavity is between the _____ and _____. |
Double
fibrous serous Parietal visceral parietal and visceral layers of the serous |
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Pericarditis- inflammation of the _____. Often results in excessive fluid (edema) from pericardial _____ passing into the pericardial cavity resulting in pericardial effusion, which can compress the heart and render it ineffective. Extensive pericardial effusion limits the flow of blood into the _____ and results in _____, which is life threatening.
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pericardium
capillaries ventricles Cardiac Tamponade/compression |
