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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the 5 regions of the vertebra along with how many vertebrae are in each section
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Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) Sacral (5) Coccygeal (4) Total of 33 vertebrae |
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Functions of the vertebra
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Supports weight of body
Plays roles in posture & locomotion Provides a partially rigid yet flexible axis for our body PROTECTS THE SPINAL CORD AND SPINAL NERVES |
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There are _____ pairs of spinal nerves. List the number in each region
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31
8 Cervicle 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 Sacral 1 Coxxygeal |
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Ventral Root- conveys motor (_____) nerve fibers (axons) _____ the spinal cord.
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efferent
away from |
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Dorsal Root- conveys sensory (_____) nerve fibers (axons) _____ the spinal cord.
Both roots unite to form a _____. |
afferent
toward spinal nerve |
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Dorsal rami of the spinal cord innervate
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true back muscles, synovial joints of vertebral column, and the overlying skin.
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Ventral rami of the spinal cord innervate
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the upper & lower extremities and the anterior/lateral body wall (torso).
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Name the 2 primary and 2 secondary curves. For primary think _____, for secondary, think _____. These curves help with _____ and _____.
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Thoracic & sacral/coccygeal are primary...think flexion
Cervical & lumbar are secondary...think extension Posture and stabilization |
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Primary curvatures develop during the _____. The anterior height of the vertebra in these curvatures is _____ than the posterior height.
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fetal period (think fetal position)
smaller |
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Secondary curvatures arise during _____. _____ curves arises when infants begin to hold their heads erect. _____ curves arise when infants begin to walk. The anterior height of the vertebra in these curvatures is _____ than the posterior height.
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Infancy
Cervical Lumbar larger |
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kyphosis defined...
Results from |
accentuated thoracic curvature
poor posture or age-related osteoporosis |
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Lordosis defined...
Results from |
accentuated lumbar curvature
weight gain and/or weakened trunk muscle |
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Scoliosis defined...
Results from |
abnormal lateral curvature and rotation of the vertebrae.
limb length inequalities, asymmetric intrinsic back muscle weakness, and malformation of vertebrae |
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Name the 3 major features of EVERY vertebrae and their function
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The body--weight bearing surface
The neural arch--protects spinal cord and spinal nerves 7 Processes--for muscular attachment and synovial (facet) joints |
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_____ and _____ form the vertebral arch. _____ projects posteriorly at the junction of the 2 laminae. At the junction of 1 pedicle and lamina, you find 3 processes: _____, ______, ______.
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Pedicles and laminae
Spinous process Superior & Inferior articular processes and the transverse process |
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Vertebral notches defined...
Divided into _____ and _____. They form the _____. |
small indentation above and below each pedicle
superior & inferior vertebra notch intervertebral foramina |
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Allow passage and protection for the spinal nerves (as it exits the spinal cord) and accompanying vessels. As the intervertebral disc compresses or degenerates with age, this _____ in size and impinges on the spinal nerve.
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intervertebral foramen
decreases |
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Name some of the ways that the vertebral regions are different
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Overall size/shape
Orientation of articular facets Vertebral foramen size/shape |
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General Features of Lumbar Vertebrae:
_____ bodies _____ Vertebral Foramen _____ transverse processes _____ spinous processes |
Massive (kidney-shaped)
Triangular Long thin Short & sturdy (hatchet-shaped) |
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General Features of Lumbar Vertebrae:
Articular facets facilitate _____ and _____ and _____. Lumbar vertebrae also have _____ and _____ processes for muscular attachment. |
Flexion and extension and lateral bending
Accessory and mammillary processes |
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General Features of Thoracic Vertebrae:
_____ shaped bodies with 1 or more ______ for articulation with the _____. _____ transverse process which have a _____ for articulation with the _____ (except _____ and _____) |
Heart shaped; costal facets; head of a rib
Long and slender; transverse costal facet; tubercle of a rib; T11 & T12 |
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General Features of Thoracic Vertebrae:
_____ vertebral foramen Articular facets favor _____ . Spinous processes are _____ and slant _____. |
Small and circular
Lateral bending and rotation Long and slant inferiorly |
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General Features of Cervical Vertebrae:
_____ bodies _____ vertebral foramen. They also contain oval foramen in the transverse process called the _____ for the passages of the _____. |
small
Large and triangular foramen transversarium vertebral artery |
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General Features of Cervical Vertebrae:
Spinous processes: _____ except _____ (called _____) Articular facets: relatively _____. |
short & bifid
C7 vertebra prominens horizontal |
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Vertebral Artery:
-A branch of the _____. -Passes through the _____ of the cervical vertebrae (except _____) -At _____ (C1), it enters the _____ in the base of the skull and vascularizes the _____ & _____. |
subclavian artery
transverse foramina; C7 Atlas; foramen magnum Brain & spinal cord |
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Sacrum & Coccyx:
-Represents _____ fused sacral vertebrae (separated by _____ and _____ during childhood) -Lateral surfaces articulate with the ____ at the _____. |
5; cartilage & discs
ilium sacroiliac joint |
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Sacrum & Coccyx
The base is at the _____ and articulates with _____. Apex is at the _____ and articulates with the _____. The _____ mark the fusion site of each sacral vertebrae. There's _____ for the passage of the _____ of spinal nerves |
Top; L5
Bottom; coccyx 4 transverse ridges 4 pairs of ventral foramina ventral rami |
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The joints between the vertebral bodies are the _____ discs. Joints between the articular processes are the _____.
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Intervertebral (IV) discs
Facet (zygapophysial joints) |
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Intervertebral (IV discs):
_____ joints designed for _____ and _____. They adhere strongly to the vertebrae and provide strong _____ between adjacent vertebrae. |
Cartilaginous; weight bearing; strength
attachment |
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Intervertebral discs consist of the outer _____ composed of concentric layers of _____ that adheres to the vertebral bodies. The interior _____ has a high _____ content and acts like a miniture shock absorber. Sustained pressure/standing can force the water out of the disc throughout the day and the process is reversed as the applied pressure releases.
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anulus fibrosus
fibrocartilage Nucleus pulposus water |
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Facet Joints are _____ joints. Individually they permit _____ movement between adjacent vertebrae, but collectively, they produce a _____ degree of motion in the vertebral column. These joints can become _____ causing back pain.
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‘plane-type’ synovial...think PLANE OLD (arthritic) SYNOVIAL
small large arthritic |
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Name the movements of the vertebral column
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Flexion, extension, lateral bending/flexion, and rotation (torsion)
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The vertebral movements are influenced by
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-Tension of the joint capsule surrounding the facet/zygapophysial joint
Compressibility, elasticity, and thickness of the IV discs (some places they're larger than others too) Resistance of surrounding muscles/ligaments SHAPE AND ORIENTATION OF THE FACET/ZYGAPOPHYSIAL JOINTS |
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Vertebral Movements:
_____ plane orientation in the cervical spine allows _____ motion. _____ plane orientation in the thoracic spine favors _____/_____. _____ plane orientation in the lumbar spine favors _____ and _____. |
transverse; multiaxial
frontal; rotation/torsion sagittal; flexion/extension |
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Ligaments of the vertebral column:
The _____ is anterior to the vertebral bodies and prevents _____. The _____ is posterior to the vertebral bodies and unites the _____. It's located inside the _____. |
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament; Hyperextension
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament Posterior surface of the vertebral bodies. Vertebral canal |
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Ligaments of the vertebral column:
This ligament connects the spinous processes from the sacrum to C7. This ligament then expands into the _____ in the cervical region, which is a broad & strong ligament of the neck that provides _____. |
Supraspinous ligament
Ligamentum Nuchae Attachment for cervical muscles |
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Ligaments of the vertebral column:
This ligament adjoins adjacent spinous processes. This ligament adjoins adjacent transverse processes. The _____, ______ fibers of the _____ adjoin adjacent lamina of vertebrae and prevents _____ of the vertebral column. |
Interspinous Ligament
Intertransverse Ligament Yellow Elastic Ligamentum Flavum hyperflexion |
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The superficial back muscles are deemed _____ muscles; they produce and control _____ movements. They include...
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extrinsic
limb Trapezium, Latissimus Dorsi, Levator Scapulae, Rhomboids |
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The intertubercular sulcus is another name for the _____ of the humerus.
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Bicipital groove
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Latissimus Dorsi Innervation
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VENTRAL RAMI C6, C7, c8
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The thoracolumbar fascia attaches to both the _____ and the _____. It _____ the back, holding the _____ muscles really tightly. It also provides attachment sites for some _____.
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spinous and transverse processes.
compartmentalizes paraspinal abdominal muscles |
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Professor K's definition of aponeurosis
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flat tendon
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Another name for CN XI
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Spinal accessory nerve
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The trapezius helps us ______ and it _____ the scapula.
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get our hands up over our head.
stabilizes the scapula. |
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Intermediate muscles are also _____, but they are considered _____.
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extrinsic
accessory respiratory muscles |
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Name the 3 deep muscles
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Splenius (neck muscle)
Erector Spinae Transversospinalis Complex |
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True back muscles act specifically on the _____.
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Vertebral column
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All deep/intrinsic back muscles are innervated by _____ of spinal nerves.
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dorsal rami
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The deep muscles are divided into 3 groups:
1) _____ intrinsic layer: _____ located in the _____ region. 2) _____ intrinsic layer: the _____ complex 3) _____ intrinsic layer: _____ muscle group |
superficial; splenius; cervical
intermediate; erector spinae deep; transversospinalis |
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The erector spinae complex is divided into 3 muscles masses:
1) _____: lateral column 2) _____: intermediate column 3) _____: medial column |
iliocostalis
longissimus spinalis |
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The erector spinae is innervated _____ allowing _____ extension of the back.
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segmentally
smooth |
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Erector Spinae Muscle Action
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Produces extension of the spine
Acting unilaterally-produces lateral flexion Produces controlled flexion |
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List the transversospinalis group.
What orientation do these guys have to each other? |
From superficial to deep
Semispinalis- (span 4-6 segments) Multifidus- (span 2-4 segments) Rotatores- (span 1-2 segments) |
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This group is full of spindles which provide proprioception. They are also important _____ and _____ muscles.
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transversospinalis
postural and rotational |
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The posterior layer of the throacolumbar fascia is _____ with the anterior and middle layers
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continuous
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Go superficial to deep:
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Trapezius, Lats (along with posterior throacolumbar fascia), rhomboids, serratus posterior (superior and inferior), erector spinae, middle/anteior layers of throacolumbar fascia
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_____ neurons are motor (efferent) nerves that convey neural impulses from the CNS to distant _____ (i.e. muscles, glands). The cell body is in the _____.
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Multipolar
effector organs ventral horn of the gray matter |
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The nervous system can be divided structurally into the...
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CNS (brain & spinal cord)
Peripheral NS/PNS (everything else) |
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The nervous system can be divided functionally into the...
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Somatic (voluntary) NS (SNS)
Autonomic (involuntary NS (ANA) |
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Integrates and coordinates incoming and outgoing signals
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CNS
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Carries out higher order "cognitive" functions such as learning and memory
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CNS
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Gray matter consists of regions within the CNS which have a high density of nerve (neuron) _____. The H-shaped regions are subdivided into various _____.
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cell bodies
horns (dorsal & ventral) |
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Surrounding white matter in the CNS consists of bundles of nerve _____ which ascend/descend in the CNS. These are referred to as _____.
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myelinated axons
tracts |
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Where is the gray matter the greatest?
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In the cervical and lumbar regions, which go out to the extremities.
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Name the 4 different types of peripheral nerves (spinal nerves and their branches) contain. Also pair each nerve with its functional branch of the nervous system.
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General Somatic Efferent (GSE)...motor (SOMATIC)
General Somatic Afferent (GSA)...sensory (SOMATIC) Visceral motor (AUTONOMIC) Visceral sensory (AUTONOMIC) |
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If I want to innervate a muscle, what should I think about
If I feel something (pain, touch, temp, proprioception), what should I think about? |
ventral root (motor)
multipolar General Somatic Efferent dorsal root (sensory) pseudounipolar General Somatic Afferent |
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General sensory nerve (GSA) axons project into the ______ of the spinal cord via the _____.
Cell bodies of these general sensory nerves reside in the _____- a swelling located along the dorsal root of all spinal nerves |
dorsal horn
dorsal root dorsal root ganglion (DRG)- |
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The somatic nervous system has 2 parts: a _____ portion and a _____ portion.
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sensory motor
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Site of the mammillary and accessory processes.
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Lumbar Vertebra
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This ligament turns into the ligamentum nuchae
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supraspinous
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