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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Respiratory failure type 1 |
- Hypoxemia without Hypercapnia - PO2 < 8kPa |
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Respiratory failure type 2 |
- Hypoxemia with Hypercapnia - PO2 < 8kPa ; PCO2 > 6kPa |
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causes of type 1 |
V/Q mismatches: - shunts - Pneumonia - Pulmoary oedema |
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causes of type 2 |
Ventilatory failure to remove CO2: - COPD - low effort into breathing - Neuromuscular problems |
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treating type 1 |
give oxygen
treat underlying cause |
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treating type 2 |
controlled oxygen (hypersensitivity to O2 due to chronically being hypoxic)
ventiatory support
treat underlying cause |
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Ventilation |
Flow of O2 into lungs |
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Perfusion |
Flow of blood through lungs |
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Deadspace |
no perfusion ; V>Q |
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Shunt |
no ventilation ; V<Q |
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Pulmonary embolism results in Deadspace PE |
due to blood supply cut off by blockage |
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causes of Pulmonary embolism PE |
"SHE" 1. Stasis 2. Hypercoagulability (smoking/pregnancy/etc) 3. Endothelial injury |
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DVT |
Deep vein thrombosis - blood clots from deep venous system in legs travel up to heart then pulmonary artery to cause pulmonary embolism |
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Clinical presentation of Pulmonary embolism PE |
"PODS" 2. One side chest: Sharp pain when inspiring 3. Dyspnoea 4. Swollen leg |
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What causes P - Pleural rub in patient with PE |
damaged lung rubs against visceral pleura |
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What causes S - swollen leg in patient with PE |
blood avoids deep veins and uses peripheral saphenous veins in legs |
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Diagnosis of Pulmonary embolism PE |
- History taking - CXR/CT scan - Auscultate - test blood for D dimers - VQ scan - ECG or Echocardiogram? |
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Strong acids |
dissociate fully |
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Weak acids |
dissociate partially |
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Volatile acids |
gaseous form - can be removed by lungs CO2 |
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Fixed acids |
solution form - can be removed by kidneys HCO3- |
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Buffer |
mix of weak acid and its conjugate base or mix of weak base and its conjugate acid
able to resist pH changes |
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Acidosis |
pH < 7.35 |
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Alkalosis |
pH > 7.45 |
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Carbonic acid buffer system |
CO2 + H20 <---> H2CO3 <---> HCO3- + H+ |
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Henderson Hasselbach equation |
pH = pKa + lg (conjugate base/acid) |
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Metabolic acidosis |
- acidosis due to metabolic - Tissue hypoxia/ketoacidosis - Resp. compensation - hyperventilation |
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Metabolic alkalosis |
- alkalosis due to metabolic - Excessive alkali ingested/loss of gastric HCl - Resp. compensation (partial) - hypoventilation |
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Respiratory acidosis |
- acidosis due to respiratory - Patient hypoventilating too much CO2 - Renal compensation - kidnesy reabsorb HCO3- |
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Respiratory alkalosis |
- alkalosis due to respiratory - Patient hyperventilating too much O2? - Renal compensation - kidney reabsorb HCO3- |
