Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the three parts of the sternum?
|
Manubrium
Body of the sternum Xiphisternum |
|
|
The manubrium and body of the sternum join at the _______________ joint, the type of joint is a...
|
Manubriosternal joint. It is a secondary cartilaginous joint (fibrous tissue intervenes between the cartilage covering the ends of the bones)
|
|
|
'Fibrous tissue intervenes between the cartilage covering the ends of the bones' describes what kind of joint?
|
A secondary cartilaginous joint
|
|
|
What are the features of a secondary cartilaginous joint?
|
Fibrous tissue intervenes between the cartilage covering the ends of the bones
|
|
|
The angle between the manubrium and the body of the sternum is known as the...
|
...manubriosternal angle
|
|
|
The manubriosternal joint is formed between which bones?
|
The manubrium and body of sternum
|
|
|
Which structures does the manubrium form joints with?
|
The clavicle, ribs I and II
|
|
|
Which rib is at the level of the manubriosternal joint?
|
Rib II
|
|
|
If a line is drawn horizontally from the manubriosternal joint to the back, which vertebra does it meet?
|
T4
|
|
|
What is the area above T4 and the manubriosternal joint known as?
|
The superior mediastinum
|
|
|
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
|
12
|
|
|
Most ribs articulate with vertebra on their segmental level and with one above. Three ribs do not, and only articulate with the vertebral body of their own segmental level. Which ribs do this?
|
I, XI and XII
|
|
|
The tubercle of each rib always articulates with the __________ _______ of its own thoracic vertebra
|
Transverse process
|
|
|
The joint between the tubercle of the ribs (apart from XI ad XII) and the transverse process of the thoracic vertebra is a ________ joint
|
synovial joint
|
|
|
The joint between the tubercle of the ribs and the transverse process of the thoracic vertebra is normally a synovial joint, apart from XI and XII which are joined by...
|
...a ligament
|
|
|
Upper costal cartilages articulate with the sternum by means of a ________ joint (apart from rib I which is a...).
|
Synovial apart from rib I which is a primary cartilaginous joint
|
|
|
What are the features of a primary cartilaginous joint?
|
It is a joint completely composed of cartilage
|
|
|
It is a joint completely composed of cartilage
|
Primary cartilaginous joint
|
|
|
Which ribs are floating ribs? (think!)
1508291210 |
XI and XII
|
|
|
What is a 'true' rib?
|
A rib that meets at the manubrium/sternum
|
|
|
How many domes does the diaphragm have?
|
Two
|
|
|
Give the name of the membrane that closes the roof of the thoracic cavity.
|
The 'suprapleural membrane'
|
|
|
What binds the area of the 'thoracic inlet'?
|
The first thoracic vertebra, first rib and manubrium
|
|
|
What is the oder of the intercostal muscles, starting in and going out?
|
Innermost, internal and external
|
|
|
Anteriorly, the muscle fibres of external intercostal muscles become membranous. What is the name of this membrane?
|
The anterior intercostal membrane
|
|
|
Posteriorly, the internal intercostal muscle fibres fade away and are represented by the membrane called...
|
...the posterior intercostal membrane
|
|
|
What are the innermost intercostal muscles also known as?
|
Transversus thoracis muscles
|
|
|
What is the neurovascular plane?
|
The area between the internal intercostal muscles and innermost intercostal muscles, where arteries, nerves and veins travel around the body wall
|
|
|
What is the name of the arteries that arise segmentally from the aorta?
|
The posterior intercostal arteries
|
|
|
Where do anterior intercostal arteries arise from?
|
The internal thoracic arteries.
|
|
|
Where do the internal thoracic arteries run?
|
On either side of the sternum
|
|
|
The posterior and anterior intercostal arteries meet and anastomose. What does this mean?
|
That they come together or 'open into' each other
|
|
|
What does 'Come together or 'open into' each other' define?
|
Anastomosis
|
|
|
What is the name for the branches that anterior/posterior intercostal arteries give off?
|
Collateral branches
|
|
|
Which arteries give off 'collateral' branches into the intercostal space?
|
The anterior/posterior intercostal arteries
|
|
|
The upper two intercostal spaces lie above the level of the descending aorta, how do they get their arterial supply?
|
Separately, from the costocervical trunk in the neck (whcih is a branch off the subclavian artery)
Specifically, the superior intercostal artery |
|
|
The azygos vein receives most of the venous blood from the thoracic wall on the RHS/LHS
|
RHS
|
|
|
The azygos vein receives most of the venous blood from the thoracic wall on the RHS by means of the _________ ___________ veins
|
By means of the posterior intercostal veins
|
|
|
What is the clinical significance of the supreme/uppermost intercostal vein?
|
It has no valves
--> Important in spread of cancerous secondaries |
|
|
Which vein has no valves?
|
The supreme/uppermost intercostal vein
|
|
|
The uppermost/supreme intercostal vein on the RHS drains into the _______________ vein via the first posterior intercostal vein
|
brachiocephalic vein
|
|
|
The superior/supreme intercostal veins are the same T/F
|
F
|
|
|
What is the name for the two veins (one for each side) that drain the second, third and fourth intercostal spaces?
|
The superior intercostal vein
|
|
|
What is the function of the superior intercostal vein?
|
To drain the second, third and fourth intercostal spaces
|
|
|
A majority of the posterior intercostal veins on the LHS drain into the hemiazygos vein. Which ones do not?
|
The first three (these form a superior intercostal vein and drain directly into the left brachiocephalic vein
|
|
|
The first posterior intercostal vein is also known as the...
|
Supreme intercostal vein
|
|
|
A majority of the posterior intercostal veins on the LHS drain into the __________ veins.
|
Hemiazygos veins
|
|
|
The superior hemiazygos vein usually drains the _th to _th posterior intercostal spaces
|
4th to 8th
|
|
|
The inferior hemiazygos vein drains the _th to _th posterior intercostal spaces
|
9th to 12th
|
|
|
Both of the hemiazygos veins join to the azygos vein T/F
|
T
|
|
|
The azygos vein arches over the right main bronchus and joins the superior vena cava T/F
|
T
|
|
|
From upward to downward, what is the order of veins, nerves and arteries in the intercostal space?
|
VAN, NAV
|
|
|
The neurovascular plane is incomplete in places T/F
|
T
|
|
|
Which vessels pass through the diaphragm?
|
The aorta, inferior vena cava, oesophagus, phrenic nerves (give motor supply to the diaphragm)
|
|
|
Which nerves give motor supply to the diaphragm?
|
The phrenic nerves
|
|
|
What is meant by the term 'aponeuroses'?
|
Layers of flat, broad tendons
|
|
|
'Layers of flat, broad tendons' are known as...
|
'Aponeuroses'
|
|
|
What is the name for the tendinous central portion of the diaphragm?
|
The central tendon
|
|
|
What is the name of the two arches that cause the origin of the diaphragm posteriorly?
|
The medial and arcuate lateral ligaments
|
|
|
What is the L and R 'crus'?
|
Two muscular bindles, arising in the midline posteriorly, that contribute to the diaphragm
|
|
|
Two muscular bindles, arising in the midline posteriorly, that contribute to the diaphragm
|
The L and R 'crus'
|
|
|
At what thoracic level does the aortic opening in the diaphragm occur?
|
T12
|
|
|
Which three structures use the aortic opening in the diaphragm?
|
The aorta, thoracic duct and azygos vein
|
|
|
At the xiphisternum, the internal thoracic arteries divide into the ______________ and ________ __________
|
Musculophrenic and superior epigastric arteries
|
|
|
The musculophrenic arteries supply the muscle of the diaphragm anteriorly/posteriorly
|
Anteriorly (also supplies the pericardium)
155901012011 (: Good holidays |
|
|
Which artery supplies the posterior aspect of the diaphragm form beneath?
|
The inferior phrenic arteries
|
|
|
What is the 'caval opening'? What level is it at?
|
The opening for the inferior vena cava in the diaphragm's central tendon. At T8 level
|
|
|
The opening for the inferior vena cava in the diaphragm's central tendon. At T8 level
|
The 'caval opening'
|
|
|
At what thoracic level does the oesophagus pierce the diaphragm?
|
T10
|
|
|
The phrenic nerves are mixed spinal nerves T/F
|
T (however, only provide motor supply to the diaphragm)
|
|
|
Where do the phrenic nerves originate from?
tum tum tum keeps the diaphragm alive! |
C3, 4 and 5
|
|
|
At what place do structures enter and leave the lung?
|
At the 'hilum' or 'root of the lung'
|
|
|
Exercise does not cause a swelling in the pulmonary veins T/F
|
F
|
|
|
Which kind of fascia binds the parietal pleura to the inner aspect of the rib cage?
|
The endothoracic fascia
|
|
|
What is the function of the endothoracic fascia?
|
It binds the parietal pleura to the inner aspect of he rib change
|
|
|
What is the 'suprapleural membrane'?
|
A thickening of connective tissue that covers the apex of each human lung. It is an extension of the endothoracic fascia
|
|
|
'A thickening of connective tissue that covers the apex of each human lung. It is an extension of the endothoracic fascia' defines the...
|
Suprapleural membrane
|
|
|
During deep inspiration the lung completely occupies the costodiaphragmatic recess T/F
|
F
|
|
|
What is a 'thoracentesis'
|
An invasive procedure to remove fluid or air from the pleural space for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes
|
|
|
'An invasive procedure to remove fluid or air from the pleural space for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes' defines...
|
Thoracentesis
|
|
|
The parietal pleura is sensitive T/F
|
T
1720010111 |
|
|
The visceral pleura is sensitive T/F
|
F
|
|
|
Which nerves supply the parietal pleura?
|
The collateral branches of the intercostal nerves around the chest wall, and the phrenic nerves supply the diaphragmatic and mediastinal parietal pleura.
|
|
|
The collateral branches of the intercostal nerves supply the visceral pleura in a non-segmented pattern T/F
|
F - The collateral branches of the intercostal nerves supply the *parietal* pleura in a *segmented* pattern
|
|
|
Which nerves supply the visceral pleura?
|
The vasomotor autonomic nerves (NB the visceral pleura is still INsensitive even though it has a nervous supply)
|
|
|
What's special about the branching on the right side of the lung, compared to the left?
|
The principal bronchus and the right pulmonary artery branch BEFORE entering the lung tissue
|
|
|
The apex of the lung and the pleura rise above the level of the superior aperture of the thorax T/F
|
T, they lie against the suprapleural membrane
|
|
|
What are the main structures that the RHS of the lung relates to on the mediastinal surface?
|
Venous structures - sup VC, inf VC and right atrium
|
|
|
What are the main structures that the LHS of the lung relates to on the mediastinal surface?
|
Arterial structures - great arteries, arch of and descending aorta, left ventricle
|
|
|
The bulging left ventricle prevents the lung from reaching the midline. The left lung therefore has a concavity on its mediastinal surface, this is called the...
|
...cardiac notch
|
|
|
Which fissure is present in the right lung, but not the left lung?
|
The horizontal fissure
|
|
|
What is the 'azygos lobe' and why does it occur?
|
A rare congenital variation of the upper lobe of the right lung caused when the right lung does not push up and out from beneath the azygos arch during development and the vein cuts off another lobe - the azygos lobe.
|
|
|
What is a congenital disorder?
|
A condition existing at birth and often before birth, or that develops during the first month of life
|
|
|
'A condition existing at birth and often before birth, or that develops during the first month of life' defines a ...
|
Congenital disorder.
|
|
|
THe right and left principal bronchi both divide into _____ bronchi
|
lobar
|
|
|
What is the function of each lobar bronchus?
|
Each one supplies a lung lobe
|
|
|
Bearing in mind that each lobar bronchus supplies a lung lobe, how many lobar bronchi do you think there are on the left, and how many on the right?
|
Three lobar bronchi on the right, and two on the left
|
|
|
Each lobar bronchus divides to supply definite segments of the lobe. These branches are called...
|
Segmental bronchi
|
|
|
What does each segmental bronchi supply?
|
A named bronchopulmonary segment
|
|
|
In the upper lobe of the right lung, the lobar bronchus divides into three segmental bronchi. List these three.
|
Apical, anterior and posterior segmental bronchi.
|
|
|
In the upper lobe of the left lung, the lobar bronchus divides into two segmental bronchi. List these two.
|
Apicoposterior (which promptly ramifies (branches) into the apical and posterior) and anterior segmental bronchi.
|
|
|
What is the 'lingula' of the left lung and how many bronchopulmonary segments is it composed of?
|
The lingula is part of the upper lobe of the left lung that corresponds to the middle love of the right lung (however, not clearly divided by a fissure) it is composed of two bronchopulmonary segments, the superior and inferior lingular segmental bronchi
|
|
|
What is the name for the segmental bronchi which supply the middle lobe of the right lung?
|
The lateral and medial segmental bronchi
|
|
|
What are the segmental bronchi of the lower lobe lobar bronchus?
My Aunt's Peaches Are Lovely! |
Medial, apical, posterior, anterior, lateral
(My Aunt's Peaches Are Lovely) |
|
|
Which arteries supplies the lung tissue?
|
The bronchial arteries (branches of the aorta)
|
|
|
Blood drains from the lungs through which vein?
|
The bronchial vein
|
|
|
The bronchial arteries and veins belong to the systemic circulation T/F
|
T
|
|
|
Bronchial veins closely follow the segmental bronchi T/F
|
F - the bronchial arteries do this. The bronchial veins run in the intersegmental septa
|
|
|
Autonomic nerves mix with the pulmonary plexuses T/F
|
T
|
|
|
Which result in bronchodilation?
|
The sympathetic efferents
|
|
|
Describe the lymphatic drainage from the lung tissue
|
Drainage is towards the hilum where there are hilar nodes. From these, drainage goes towards the mediastinal nodes.
|
|
|
What is the importance of the lymph nodes wrt cancer?
|
The lymphatic drainage of the lungs is often the pathway by which carcinoma cells disperse from their primary site in the lung tissue of bronchus and into the mediastinum
|
|
|
What is 'paradoxial movement' in the rib cage?
|
Movement of a separate, damaged part of the rib cage which has been caused by a trauma
|
|
|
What is the condition known as 'flail chest'?
|
A condition that occurs when a segment of the chest wall bones breaks under extreme stress and becomes detached from the rest of the chest wall
|
|
|
A condition that occurs when a segment of the chest wall bones breaks under extreme stress and becomes detached from the rest of the chest wall
|
Flail chest
|
|
|
The sternum is an important site of erythropoiesis T/F
|
T
|
|
|
What is a 'sternal puncture'?
|
Removal of bone marrow from the manubrium of the sternum through an appropriate needle
|
|
|
Removal of bone marrow from the manubrium of the sternum through an appropriate (often a bore) needle
|
Sternal puncture
|
|
|
The mediastinal and central diaphragmatic parietal pleura are supplied by the _______ nerve
|
Phrenic nerve
|
|
|
The mediastinal and central diaphragmatic parietal pleura are supplied by the phrenic nerve. Pain from these regions is often referred to the root of the neck and shoulder. Why?
|
Cutaneous innervation of the neck and shoulder derives form the same spinal segments that gives rise to the phrenic nerve.
|
|
|
Different portions of the lung can be drained by placing patients upside down T/F
|
T - Ill or unconscious patients benefit from being moved frequently since this promotes good aeration and drainage of the lungs.
|
|
|
At what levels does the oesophagus, vena cava and aorta pierce the diaphragm?
|
Vena Cava: T8
Oesophagus: T10 Aorta: T12 |
