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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which muscle types are striated?
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Skeletal and cardiac (Also a special type found in head and neck called 'visceral striated muscle')
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What is 'visceral striated muscle'? Where is it found?
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Muscle that is striated, but is not skeletal or cardiac, found in head and neck (e.g. some muscles of pharynx, larynx and oesophagus)
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Smooth muscle is striated/visceral
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Visceral (NB striated/visceral are not opposites)
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Define 'Viscera'
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The internal organs in the main cavities of the body, esp. those in the abdomen, e.g., the intestines
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Skeletal muscle is very small T/F
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F, it is very large (1mm - 30cm long, and a diameter up to 100 microns)
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Skeletal muscles do not have cell-to-cell contact T/F
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T (But mechanically connected by associated connective tissues)
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The sarcoplasmic reticulum is poorly developed in skeletal muscle T/F
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F
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A T-tubule system is present in skeletal muscle T/F
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T
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Where are the nuclei located on skeletal muscle fibres?
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In the periphery
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Skeletal muscle has few mitochondria T/F
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F
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In skeletal muscle, contractile proteins are arranged in bundles called...
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...myofibrils
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The contractile unite of a myofibril is the...
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...sarcomere
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Smooth muscle cells are said to be 'fusiform', what does this mean?
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Spindle-shaped
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Smooth muscle is electrically coupled to one another via ___ _________
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Gap junctions
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Compared to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle tissue contains much more connective tissue T/F
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False, smooth muscle contains LITTLE connective tissue compared to skeletal muscle
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Is smooth muscle mono, or poly nucleate?
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Mononucleate
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The nucleus of smooth muscle is on the periphery, T/F
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F - that's skeletal! It is centrally located
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Smooth muscle has a poorly developed sarcoplasmic reticulum T/F
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T
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What structures does smooth muscle have to compensate for the poorly developed sarcoplasmic reticulum?
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Caveolae
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Smooth muscle does not have a T-tubule system T/F
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T
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Smooth muscle have few mitochondria compared to skeletal muscle T/F
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T
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Cardiac muscle cells can be branched, and are mechanically and electrically coupled to one another via specialised junctions called...
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...intercalated discs
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What are the intercalated discs of cardiac muscle made of?
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Desmosomes and gap junctions
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One, or occasionally two nuclei, that are centrally located. Which muscle type?
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Cardiac muscle
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What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum lack in cardiac muscle?
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Terminal cisternae
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A T-tubule system is present in cardiac muscle T/F
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T
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What are the triads like in cardiac muscle?
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Not present, or poorly defined
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Do fibres of cardiac muscle contain larger, or smaller numbers of mitochondria than skeletal muscle?
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Cardiac fibres contain *larger* numbers of mitochondria than skeletal muscle.
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What kind of nerves innervate smooth muscle?
Think! |
Autonomic nerves
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Autonomic neuromusclular junctions are very specialised/unspecialsed in smooth muscle
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Unspecialised
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Smooth muscle is under humoral control. This means hormones can control it T/F
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T
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Cardiac muscle cells can contract without neural stimulation - ____________. The timing of this is controlled by specialised cardiac muscle cells called _________ cells
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Automaticity, pacemaker cells
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What is the function of arterio-venous anastomoses (AVAs) and metarterioles?
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They are short circuit capillary beds, control perfusion through capillary beds
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They are short circuit capillary beds, control perfusion through capillary beds
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Arterio-venous anastomoses (AVAs) and metarterioles?
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What are the three types of capillary?
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Continuous
Fenestrated Discontinuous |
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Which type of capillary is most common?
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Continuous capillaries
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Which type of capillary is most impermeable?
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Continuous capillaries
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Which capillary is defined by:
Adjacent endothelial cells are connected to each other via junctional complexes. |
Continuous OR fenestrated capillaries
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What is the name for the small pores on fenestrated capillaries?
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Fenestrae
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Which capillary?:
The endothelial cells have small pores |
Fenestrated capillaries
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Fenestrated capillaries are quite/very permeable T/F
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T
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Where are fenestrated capillaries typically found?
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Bowman's capsules (in Kidney) and GI tract in villi of small intestine
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Which capillaries are found here?:
Bowman's capsules (in Kidney) and GI tract in villi of small intestine |
Fenestrated capillaries
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Functional parts of an organ in the body defines...
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The parenchyma
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Define the 'parenchyma'
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Functional parts of an organ in the body
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Where are discontinuous capillaries found?
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The liver only
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Which capillary is being described?
Only found in the liver |
Discontinuous capillaries
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What do discontinuous capillaries in the liver form?
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Hepatic sinusoids
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Discontinuous capillaries provide a barrier between the blood and the parenchyme (i.e. hepatocytes) T/F
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F, they provide almost no barrier
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Lymphatics are part of the circulatory system but not the vascular system, T/F
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T
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The lymphatic vessels contain valves, T/F
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T
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What does lymph contain?
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Protein, fat and electrolytes
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All components of the circulatory system are lined with endothelial cells T/F
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T (simple squamous epithelium)
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What is a major clotting factor secreted by epndothelial cells?
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Factor VIII
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Give an example of an anti-coagulant factor secreted by endothelial cells
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Prostacyclin
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What is 'prostacyclin'?
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An anti-coagulant factor secreted by endothelial cells cells
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Give an example of a vasoconstrictor molecule released by endothelial cells
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Endothelin
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What is 'endothelin'?
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A vasoconstrictor molecule released by endothelial cells
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Give examples of vasodilator molecules secreted by endothelial cells
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Nitric oxide, ATP
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Endothelial cells do not have the ability to divide T/F
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F, they do, and therefore they have the ability to regenerate
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What are the three layers of a blood vessel?
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Tunica intima
Tinica media Tunica adventitia (Tinica sometimes left out) |
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What layer is the (tunica) intima, and what does it contain?
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The inner layer which contains endothelial cells and connective tissue
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What layer is the (tunica) media, and what does it contain?
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The middle layer which contains smooth muscle and connective tissue
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What layer is the (tunica) adventitia, and what does it contain?
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The outer layer which contains connective tissue
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The inner layer which contains endothelial cells and connective tissue
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(tunica) intima
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The middle layer which contains smooth muscle and connective tissue
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(tunica) media
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The outer layer which contains connective tissue
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(tunica) adventitia
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Which layer of a blood vessel is avascular?
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Intima
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Which layer of a blood vessel is always present, no matter the size?
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Intima
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The media and adventitia of larger vessels have their own blood supply from vessels called...
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Vasa vasorum (i.e. the vessels of vessels)
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Give some examples of large, elastic arteries
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Aorta, innominate, common carotid, subclavian, pulmonary arteries
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What is the name for the prominent layer of connective tissue in the intima of most systemic arteries?
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It is called the 'inner elastic lamina' (IEL) and is made of elastic fibres and some collagen
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What is the name for the thick layer of connective tissue in the adventitia of most systemic arteries?
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External elastic lamina (EEL)
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How many cells thick os the smooth muscle in the media of arterioles?
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3-6
Impressive if you got that without a guess! 0730071210 |
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Veins > xmm thick contain valves
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2mm
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What is special about the media of the hepatic portal vein?
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It contains an outer longitudinal muscle plus inner circular muscle, both approximately 6 cells thick
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Nerves associated with ___________ probably control permeability and/or are sensory
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capillaries
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