C&b 006 Mechanisms Of Pulmonary Ventilation

Front 1

Inhalation is carried out mainly by the _________ and supported by the ________ ___________ _______

Back 1

Mainly by the diaphragm, and supported by the external intercostal muscles

Front 2

Normal resting respiratory rate is...

Back 2

10 to 18 breaths per minute

Front 3

What are the accessory muscles used if one is approaching respiratory failure? (4)

Back 3

Sternocleidomastoids
Scaline (muscles of neck)
Pectoral
Latissimus dorsi

Front 4

Exhalation is normally an active/passive process

Back 4

Passive

Front 5

How is forced exhalation achieved? (Muscles)

Back 5

By the abdominal and internal intercostal muscles

Front 6

A concept used in respiratory physiology to describe mechanical factors which limit the access of inspired air to the pulmonary alveoli, and thus determine airflow.

Back 6

Airway resistance.

Front 7

Define 'airway resistance'.

Back 7

concept used in respiratory physiology to describe mechanical factors which limit the access of inspired air to the pulmonary alveoli, and thus determine airflow.

Front 8

What is a major site of airway resistance?

Back 8

Medium sized bronchi

Front 9

50% of airway resistance is located...

Back 9

In the upper airways (larynx and above)

Front 10

How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves control the resistance (airway resistance)

Back 10

They alter the tone of the bronchial smooth muscle

Front 11

What are the three ways you can make a clinical assessment of airway resistance?

Back 11

Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR)

Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1)

Front 12

A person's maximum speed of expiration

Back 12

Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR)

Front 13

'The maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inspiration'

Back 13

(Forced) Tidal Volume (FTV)

Front 14

Define (Forced) Tidal Volume (FTV)

Back 14

The maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inspiration

Front 15

Define 'Peak Expiratory Flow Rate' (PEFR)

Back 15

A person's maximum speed of expiration

Front 16

'The amount of air which can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs in the first second of a forced exhalation'

Back 16

Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1)

Front 17

Define 'Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second' (FEV1)

Back 17

The amount of air which can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs in the first second of a forced exhalation

Front 18

How much, out of the normal Vt of 500ml, actually reaches the alveoli to take part in gas exchange?

Back 18

350ml/500ml

Front 19

150ml of the lungs is not in alveoli. Where is it and what does it form?

Back 19

In the 'conducting airways' and forms the 'anatomic dead space'

Front 20

What is dead space?

Back 20

The space filled with the 150ml of air that does not reach alveoli. Found in conducting airways.

Front 21

How is physiological dead space measured?

Back 21

Using the Bohr method

Front 22

Define 'pulmonary compliance'

Back 22

The change in volume per unit change in pressure

Front 23

The change in volume per unit change in pressure

Back 23

Pulmonary compliance

Front 24

How can lung elasticity be measured?

Back 24

By assessing how much volume increases as the pressure in the lungs is raised when the respiratory muscles are relaxed

Front 25

How can you estimate the steady state values of alveolar PCO2 and PO2?

Back 25

By using alveolar gas equations

Front 26

What does alveolar PCO2 depend on? (2)

Back 26

The rate of CO2 production in the body

Rate of CO2 removal in expelled air

Front 27

What does alveolar PO2 depend on? (3)

Back 27

O2 consumption by the body

Respiratory exchange ration (R)

How much O2 is in inspired air

Front 28

P(A,CO2) =

Back 28

863 * V(CO2,STPD)/V(A,BTPS)

Front 29

What is BTPS?

Back 29

Body Temperature and Pressure, Saturated (47 mmHg/6.2 kPa)

Front 30

What is STPD?

Back 30

Standard Temperature and Pressure, Dry

Front 31

With BTPS, what is the pressure of 'saturated'?

Back 31

47 mmHg/6.2 kPa

Front 32

What is 101.33/100kPa in mmHg?

Back 32

760/750.06 mmHg respectively

Front 33

P(A,O2) =

Back 33

P(I, O2) - P(A, CO2)

Front 34

Define Minute ventilation

Back 34

The total volume of gas entering the lungs per minute.

Tidal Volume * Respiratory Rate

Front 35

Tidal Volume * Respiratory Rate =

Back 35

Minute ventilation

Front 36

The total volume of gas entering the lungs per minute.

Back 36

Minute Ventilation

Front 37

How do you calculate minute ventilation?

Back 37

Tidal Volume * Respiratory Rate

Front 38

Define Alveolar ventilation

Back 38

The volume of gas per unit time that reaches the alveoli, the respiratory portions of the lungs where gas exchange occurs

(Tidal volume - dead space) * respiratory rate

Front 39

he volume of gas per unit time that reaches the alveoli, the respiratory portions of the lungs where gas exchange occurs

Back 39

Alveolar respiration

Front 40

How do you calculate alveolar ventilation?

Back 40

(Tidal volume - dead space) * respiratory rate

Front 41

(Tidal volume - dead space) * respiratory rate =

Back 41

Alveolar ventilation

Front 42

Define 'Dead space ventilation'

Back 42

The volume of gas per unit time that does not reach these respiratory portions, but instead remains in the airways (trachea, bronchi, etc.).

Dead space * respiratory rate

Front 43

The volume of gas per unit time that does not reach these respiratory portions, but instead remains in the airways (trachea, bronchi, etc.).

Back 43

Dead space ventilation

Front 44

How do you calculate dead space ventilation?

Back 44

Dead space * respiratory rate

Front 45

Dead space * respiratory rate =

Back 45

Dead space ventilation

Front 46

What are the functions of the lungs? (Lots)

Back 46

Gaseous exchange of O2 and CO2 between atmospheric air and
blood
• Regulation of Acid/Base balance by removal of CO2
• Phonation - Expulsion of air from the lungs to produce sound and
speech
• Acts as a blood reservoir.
• Filtration of particulate matter to prevent entrance into the
systemic circulation, warm and humidify air
• Metabolism
– Conversion of angiotension I to angiotension II in the
regulation of blood volume.
– Local production of surfactant (a phospholipid) to lower
surface tension in alveolar cells.
– Synthesis of arachodonic acid metabolites (Prostaglandins,
thomboxanes, Leukotrienes)
– Inactivation of noradrenaline, bradykinin, 5H-T
– IgA secretion into bronchial mucus

Front 47

How many loves are there in the right lung? How many are on the left?

Back 47

Three on the right, two on the left

Front 48

What do type II cells in the lungs do?

Back 48

Secrete surfactant

Front 49

The pressure that would be exerted by one of the gases in a mixture if it occupied the same volume on its own

Back 49

Partial pressure

Front 50

Define 'partial pressure'

Back 50

The pressure that would be exerted by one of the gases in a mixture if it occupied the same volume on its own

Front 51

For moist air,
P(CO2) =

Back 51

F(CO2) * (PB - 47)
Where water vapour pressure = 47 mmHg for saturated air at 20oC

Front 52

How is 'The fractional concentration of CO2 in dry air' written in shorthand?

Back 52

F(CO2)

Front 53

For dry air,
P(CO2) =

Back 53

PCO2 = P(B) * F(CO2)

Front 54

For dry air,
P(B) =

Back 54

P(B) = P(H2O) + P(O2) + P(CO2) + P(N2)

Front 55

What is Boyle’s Law?

Back 55

The pressure (P) exerted by a gas is inversely
proportional to its volume (V), if the temperature (T) remains
constant.
P α 1/V

Front 56

What is the 'ideal gas euqation'?

Back 56

[P(1) * V(1)]/T(1) = [P(2) * V(2)]/T(2)

Front 57

How do you calculate PaCO2?

Back 57

(VCO2 * 0.863)/VA

0.863 is necessary to equate dissimilar units

Front 58

Low ventilation = hyper/hypocapnia?

Back 58

Hypercapnia

Front 59

High ventilation = hypo/hypercapnia?

Back 59

Hypocapnia

Front 60

Low ventilation = hypercapnia = acidosis

Back 60

High ventilation = hypocapnia = alkalosis

Front 61

Deadspace =

Back 61

[(paCO2 - p(E)CO2) * VT]/ PaCO2

Front 62

You can measure total lung capacity with a spirometer T/F

Back 62

F

Front 63

The volume between
the mouth/nose and the respiratory bronchioles (150 ml).

Back 63

Anatomical deadspace

Front 64

What is 'anatomical deadspace'?

Back 64

The volume between
the mouth/nose and the respiratory bronchioles (150 ml).

Front 65

What is physiological deadspace?

Back 65

Includes the anatomical deadspace
plus the volume of air entering the lungs that does not
contributed to oxygenating the blood, because it enters a)
poorly perfused alveoli or b) excessively ventilated alveoli .
The physiological deadspace is identical to the anatomical
deadspace in healthy people, but increases with body size,
pulmonary embolism, emphysema, artificial ventilation

Front 66

What causes physiological deadspace to increase?

Back 66

Body size,
pulmonary embolism, emphysema, artificial ventilation