Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Heifer |
female that hasn't given birth and is less than 30 months |
|
|
Cow |
female that is older than 30 months or has given birth |
|
|
Bull |
intact male |
|
|
Steer |
castrated male younger than 4 years old |
|
|
Ox |
castrated male over 4 years old |
|
|
What is the main objective in dairy cattle nutrition? |
increase dry matter intake to produce higher levels of milkproduction
|
|
|
What is phase feeding? |
changing the nutrient concentration tomeet an animals nutrient requirements at a particular life stage
|
|
|
What are phase feeding programs based on? |
lactation and gestation cycles |
|
|
When is phase one of a phase feeding program? |
The first 10 weeks of lactation. |
|
|
In which feeding phase does peak milk production occur? |
phase one |
|
|
What is fed in feeding phase one? |
1. Increased grain 2. Protein supplements 3. Increased concentrates and fats 4. Sodium bicarbonate buffer |
|
|
When does phase two of feeding begin and continue until? |
10 weeks post calving - 20th week |
|
|
Which feeding phase does the highest dry matter intake occur? |
phase two |
|
|
What is fed in feeding phase 2? |
1. Lower protein 2. Fiber 3. Limited grain 4. Frequent feeding |
|
|
Which feeding phase is also known as "late lactation period"? |
phase three |
|
|
Which feeding phase is the main period for restoring body reserves for next lactation? |
phase three |
|
|
What is fed in feeding phase 3? |
1. Increased amount of forage 2. lower protein |
|
|
Which feeding phase is the easiest phase to manage because the cow is pregnant and milk production is declining. |
phase three |
|
|
Which feeding phase is most of the dry period? |
phase four |
|
|
What is the goal in feeding phase 4? |
to get the cow in good condition for parturition |
|
|
What is fed in feeding phase 4? |
1. Legume-grass 2. Corn 3. Long stem grass hay 4. Limit grain |
|
|
Which feeding phase is referred to as "transition period"? |
phase five |
|
|
When is feeding phase 5? |
last 1-3 weeks of dry period, just before calving |
|
|
In what feeding phase can you decrease Ca in“milk fever” prone cows? |
phase five |
|
|
What can fat cow syndrome lead to? |
calving difficulties, displaced abomassum and ketosis |
|
|
What is the most critical factor influencing performance of cattle on forage diet?
|
the amount of Dry Matter Intake
|
|
|
What can reduce the nutrients in dry matter? |
old pastures, crop residues, and harvesting methods |
|
|
When does the first trimester begin? |
first day of conception |
|
|
How long is the first trimester? |
95 days |
|
|
what are the nutrient need in the 1st trimester? |
maintenance and lactation |
|
|
How long is the 2nd trimester? |
95 days |
|
|
which trimester has the lowest nutrient requirements? |
second trimester |
|
|
Which trimester is the easiest and most economical time to increase a thin cow's BCS? |
second trimester |
|
|
In which trimester does rapid fetal growth cause a rapid increase in nutrient needs? |
third trimester |
|
|
how long is the 3rd trimester? |
95 days |
|
|
how many pounds should a cow be gaining a day during the 3rd trimester? |
1lb |
|
|
what will a thin cow experience in the 3rd trimester? |
dystocias, weak calves and decreased milk production |
|
|
how long is the postpartum period? |
80 days |
|
|
what is the feed intake during the postpartum period compared to a lactating cow? |
35-50% higher |
|
|
nutrition stress at which point causes problems during the cow’s nextbreeding?
|
postpartum |
|
|
what is considered first in balancing diet for beef cattle? |
energy |
|
|
what does energy utilization determine in beef cattle? |
the cow's ability to use other nutrients |
|
|
what are 50% of all protein and AA needs met by? |
microbial protein synthesis |
|
|
when is protein deficiency common? |
when a cow consumes straw and low quality hay |
|
|
what is commonly used as a protein supplement? |
urea |
|
|
how much water do range cows consume daily in winter? perhead in summer?
|
2 ½ gallons
up to 12 gallons
|
|
|
what is the mostcommon type of grazing scheme? |
continuous grazing |
|
|
what is continuous grazing? |
when a cow grazes one area for the entire season (up to a year) |
|
|
name one good thing and one bad thing about continuous grazing. |
low maintenance production often suffers |
|
|
What is the name is the 4 pasture grazing system? |
deferred rotational grazing |
|
|
how does deferred rotational grazing work? |
one pasture would not be grazed from spring to mid-summer in order to allowdesirable plants to flower and reach seed maturity.
|
|
|
how many pastures are used in rest rotation? |
3-5 |
|
|
how does rest rotation work? |
one pasture is not grazed for an entire year, while the herd uses the other pastures |
|
|
which grazing system was developed in France? |
short duration grazing |
|
|
how does short duration grazing work? |
8-40 pastures are grazed intensively for 2-3 days then not grazed for several weeks |
|
|
what causes pasture bloat? |
consuming lush legumes |
|
|
how do you relieve pasture bloat? |
by inserting stomach tube into rumen and giving anti-foam material
|
|
|
what is grass tetany? and what causes it? |
low Mg levels in blood grazing lush green grass pastures |
|
|
grass tetany is common in cows who are... |
nursing calves under 2 months of age |
|
|
2 symptoms of grass tetany? |
excitability, cow acts blind |
|
|
how is grass tetany fixed? |
feeding free choice mineral supplements containing Mg
|
|
|
What causes nitrite toxicity? |
intake of nitrite is in excess of the rumen’s ability to convert it toammonia
|
|
|
what does nitrite toxicity cause? |
hemoglobin in blood to change into a form that cannot transport oxygen. asphyxiation
|
|
|
how is nitrate toxicity treated? |
injection of IV methylene blue |
|
|
what is fescue toxicity caused by? |
grazing or consuming harvested hay from tall fescue pastures
|
|
|
what are some signs of fescue toxicity? |
sorenessin hind limbs, hooves and tail slough off, hypersalivation andpolyuria
|
|
|
what is “fescue foot”? |
hooves and tail slough off
|
|
|
when is acute pulmonary emphysema seen? |
whencattle are moved from dry rangelands to lush meadow pastures abruptly
|
|
|
when can signs of acute pulmonary emphysema be seen? |
4-5 days after diet change |
