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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe the locomotion scoring system 1 - 5 |
1 = normal 2 = stands with flat back but arches when walks 3 = stands and walks with an arched back 4 = arched back standing and walking, one or more legs favoured 5 = arched back, refuses to weight bear on 1 leg |
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What will hypophosphataemia lead to in cattle? |
Decreased growth rates Decreased milk production Decreased fertility Osteomalacia Post-parturient haemoglobinuira |
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What is the aetiology of hypophosphataemia? |
P deficient soils (north Australia) Intensive production in south Australia increases fertiliser requirements Immature, actively growing plants usually contain enough P; P declines in mature plants |
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True or false: P is more abundant in older plants |
False - P declines in mature plants |
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When does P deficiency occur? |
Only after weaning |
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What 2 major factors of P deficiency will lead to osteomalacia? |
1) VitD deficiency - efficient P and Ca absorption requires adequate vitamin D: VitD deficiency can occur in winter of fast growing cereal crops; oats have VitD inhibitor. 2) P absorption: depressed if high dietary Ca intake or adequate Ca intake but inadequate P. |
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Explain the pathogenesis of osteomalacia |
P deficiency (lack of VitD) means there is normal osteoclastic activity without concurrent osteoblastic activity. The result is production of soft bones prone to fractures (osteomalacia) seen in older cows |
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P deficiency can impair what process in younger animals? |
May see failure of endochondral ossification in growing animals leading to painful, swollen physis or metaphysis |
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What is rickets? |
Bone deformities caused by deposition of excess osteoid in response to weakened bones associated with P deficiency |
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How can P deficiency be prevented? |
Meet daily P requirements (high) through use of - P fertilisers (top dressing) - Licks - Roller lick drum mixes (good for supplying P in combination with molasses) - P blocks - Individual dosing |
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How can farmers make licks and blocks cheaply on farm for management of P deficiency? |
Mixture of molasses, salt, DCP or kynophos |
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What routes of infection can cause neonatal polyarthritis (joint ill)? |
Via umbilical cord Pre-natally during birth passage |
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What are the clinical signs of infectious polyarthritis? |
Swelling of +1 joints (carpus and hock most common) Heat in infected joints Lameness |
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What kind of effusion would be expected from a joint tap in case of poly-arthritis? What should you do with sample? |
Serous to sero-purulent effusion Send off for C&S |
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What is the most commonly used drug to treat polyarthritis? |
Penicillin |
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What preventative measures can be done to minimise polyarthritis? |
Good asepsis at calving Swab umbilicus with iodine at birth |
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Explain why HL fractures/luxations look like FL problems |
Cattle with HL fractures/luxations can often get up on their HL under their own power, yet they are unable to transfer their weight onto defective HL and therefore cannot get their FL up |
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Define coxofemoral luxation |
Displacement of femoral head to a position outside the pelvic acetabulum, usually CrD |
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What age group of cattle is coxofemoral luxation most common? |
>2yo |
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When are you likely to see a unilateral vs. bilateral coxofemoral luxation? |
Unilateral - associated with trauma Bilateral - associated with calving paralysis and hypoCa |
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What is the major differential for coxofemoral luxation? |
Fracture of femoral head |
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How should a cow be treated presents alert with L leg splayed out on concrete in horizontal plane due to suspected coxofemoral luxation in CrD direction? |
Sedate with 1ml xylazine (100mg/ml) Put cow in lateral recumbency with affected limb uppermost Pass rope through inguinal area and tie to fence behind cow Connect 2nd rope to pulley above and below R hock Thread batton through the rope over the hock Apply traction caudo-ventrally using pulley while simultaneously rotating stifle inwards and hock outwards Continue pulling for a while in several directions - prolonged traction helps with muscle relaxation |
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For difficult cases of coxofemoral luxation where you made need deeper muscle relaxation, what drug can you use in addition to xyalzine for sedation? |
Guaifen® (glyceryl guaiacolate) IV |
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What is the implications of using Guaifen® in cattle? |
Off label use 10day milk WHP 30day meat WHP |
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What post-op care should be given to cow treated for coxofemoral luxation? |
Flex and extend the leg for 30seconds to force debris out of the joint Reverse xylazine (Tolazine) When dislocation has been reduced, the animal should be pulled into sitting position and left undisturbed on non-slip floor or halter cow and lift to her feet with aid of sling |
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What does prognosis depend on in cow with coxofemoral luxation? |
Depends on how long the limb has been dislocated (>12hrs very poor prognosis) |
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What is the single most useful prognostic indicator for coxofemoral luxations? |
Whether the cow was able to stand before the reduction |
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What are the positive factors for prognosis of coxofemoral luxation? |
- Cow is able to stand before reduction - <3yrs old - <400kg - Duration <12hrs |
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What does sacroiliac luxation involve? |
Involves partial or complete separation of the joint surfaces of the sacrum and ilium from each other; generally occurs when pelvic ligaments are relaxed |
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What are clinical signs of sacroiliac luxation? |
Slight ataxia and weakness of HL Slight knuckling of fetlock and increased periods of recumbency |
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How is sacroiliac luxation treated? |
Emergency slaughter recommended |
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What is prognosis for sacroiliac luxation? |
Poor - emergency slaughter recommended Prognosis for future breeding without dystocia is also guarded |
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What factors will lead to stifle instability? |
Damage to cruciate ligaments Rupture of collateral ligaments Injuries to menisci (tears) Complete dislocation of femoro-tibial joint |
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What are the clinical signs of stifle instability? |
Sudden, moderate lameness: shortened stride; weight bearing on toe; restricted movement of stifle "clunk" over stilfe - hear, palpate Often no obvious swelling or pain associated with joint |
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What is the treatment for stifle instability? |
Conservative with prolonged rest |
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True or false: stifle instability is more common in young heifers than bulls |
False - stifle instability is a common mounting injury of bulls |
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What should you warn the owner following treatment in a case of stifle instability? |
Warn owner joint on sound limb may collapse under additional pressures |
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What is the prognosis for future breeding in bull that has stifle instability? |
Very guarded - culling is often recommended |
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Clinical signs of pelvic fracture are more severe when it involves the tuber coxae, wing of ileum or pubis? |
More severe lameness with fractures of wing of ileum or pubis; mild lameness only when it involves tuber coxae |
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How can pelvic fracture be diagnosed in cattle? |
Rectal palpation - depends on level of swelling and haemorrhage present |
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How should tuber coxae fractures be treated? |
Remove protruding part using embryotomy wire and allow surface to granulate |
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How should pelvic fractures other than tuber coxae fractures be treated? |
Conservatively, confine animal If heal successfully, check rectally for callus formation |
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What are the difficulties in treatment of long bone fractures in cattle >6mths? |
- Poor reduction - Difficult to immobilise limb but keep animal mobile - $$$ |
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How often should cast be changed in calves compared to adults? |
Casts need to be changed every 2 to 3 weeks in rapidly growing calves and 4 weeks in adults |
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What are the clinical signs of patella luxation? |
Walking with jerky action where limb remains extended back for longer time than usual and then jerks upward and forward as patellar releases itself - may see jerky walking for few steps and then walk normally |
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True or false: medial patella luxations are the most common |
True - lateral and middle patellar luxations are less common than medial luxations |
