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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where does the conducting portion end and the respiratory portion begin?
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Conducting: terminal bronchiole
Respiratory: respiratory bronchiole |
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What is the tidal volume?
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500 mL
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KNOW - Stroma of the lung
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Elastic
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What are the basal cells of the conducting portion?
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Stem cells that give rise to the goblet, ciliated, and brush cells.
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Changes in epi as you pass down the respiratory tract?
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Decrease in height, lose goblet (no mucus), lose cilia.
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What is a swell body?
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A specialized venous erectile tissue in the lamina propria of the nostril that "swells" to allow that nostril time to rehydrate the epi.
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Where and what are the three cell nuclei types in the olfactory epi?
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1. Supporting - closest to cilia
2. Neuronal - bipolar, middle 3. Basal - stem, at the membrane |
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Other than neuronal axons, what else is in the lamina propria of the nose?
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Olfactory glands of Bowman.
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Why do the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx have a different epi type than the nasopharynx?
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The common tube effect--the oro and laryngo share purpose with the digestive system, so they have strat squam nonk epi.
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Why does the vocal cord have a strat squam epi covering?
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Turbulent airflow. It requires protective, not absorptive cellular covering.
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How many C-rings in the trachea?
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10-12
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What 4 things change as the bronchi enter the hilus of the lungs?
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1. C-rings become irregular plates of hyaline cartilage
2. 2 distinct smooth muscle layers 3. Increasing elastic fibers 4. Mixed glands are present. |
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What changes as intrapulmonary bronchi become conducting bronchioles?
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1. No cartilage/no glands
2. Simple columnar epi 3. Sym - bronchodilation Parasym - bronchoconstriction **4. Typical vasodilators become potent bronchoconstrictors. |
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What changes as conducting bronchioles become terminal bronchioles?
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1. Simple cub epi, no mucous
2. Clara cells appear |
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Characterize a Clara cell
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1. Lots of smooth ER for detox
2. Produce surfactant to reduce surface tension 3. Proteolytics/lysozyme 4. Stem cells |
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**MAJOR KNOW of respiratory bronchioles
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One wall is an artery, the other wall is alveoli. That's how you know. When both walls are alveoli, YOU ARE IN AN ALVEOLAR DUCT.
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Characteristic of an alveolar sac
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No smooth muscle
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Epi of the alveoli?
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Simple squamous with 2 types of pneumocytes. This is the only CATOS-place where a cell ending in "cyte" is not a ECM generator.
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Type I pneumocytes
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Gas exchangers, very thin, nonmitotic, nowhere near a capillary.
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Type II pneumocytes
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Pneumocyte stem cells, near RBC, cuboidal, microvilli, lamellar bodies (we have an EM of this) surfactant!
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What is surfactant? Why do we care?
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Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (MBM flashback). It lowers the apparent density of H20, thus lower potential surface tension, allowing for gas exchange.
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Respiratory distress of the newborn
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No surfactant, hence too much surface tension and alveoli collapse.
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What other cells are in the alveoli?
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Dust macrophages. Make elastase and phagocytose primarly carbon particles. But whatever else comes in too.
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Fate of alveolar macrophages?
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Ciliated into oropharynx and digested.
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Capillaries in alevoli?
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CONTINUOUS.
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**Standing in the lumen of a pulmonary capillary, what layers will I hit walking into the alveoli?
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Fused basal lamina, endothelium of capillary, Type I pneumocyte, surfactant.B-AB
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KNOW about Lobular Vasculature?
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PA follow the airway, PV follow the septae.
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