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160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where are the interstitial cells of Leidig located?
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In the testes, outside of the seminiferous tubule.
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______ are necessary for male development of secondary sex characteristics?
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Androgen
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How can you get DHT from Testosterone?
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Testosterone + 5a-reductase
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List some of the secondary male sex characteristics.
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Increased body hair
Muscular Build Enlarged Larynx Skeletal Growth Fat Distribution Male behavior (T receptors in brain) Anabolic Effects |
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How does testosterone maintain spermatogenesis?
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Maintains strx and fx of genital ducts and accessory sex glands
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What do the testes, more specifically the interstitial cells of leidig secrete?
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Androgens, especially testosterone, and DHT and androstenodione
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In the interstitial tissue (loose cx tisse btwn seminiferous tubules), what two type of capillaries can be found?
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Fenestrated Capillaries
Lymphatic Capillaries (additionally there are nerves, fibroblasts, macrophages and mast cells) |
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What kind of epithelium lines the seminiferous tubules?
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seminiferous epithelium
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What two cell types are found in the seminiferous tubules? What germ layer are they from?
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sertoli cells (mesoderm) spermatogenic cells (endoderm)
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Sertoli cells have plasma membrane receptors for?
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FSH
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Sertoli cells have pm receptors for FSH, what does FSH stimulate?
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It stimulates tight junctions to form
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What type of jx are between sertoli & germ cells?
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Desmosome-like (mechanical hold of germ cells)
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Describe the structure and function of seminiferous epithelium.
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Strx: tall columnar cells with irregular lateral border
Fx: Support and nurture germ cells |
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What is so unusual about sertoli and germ cells?
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They are of different origin, yet they have desmosome-like junctions with each other.
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What is the main cell type in the seminiferous tubules before puberty?
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Sertoli cells
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What type of junctions exist btwn sertoli and basal cells?
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Hemidesmosomes
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What type of junctions exist between sertoli cells?
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Gap Jx
Tight Jx |
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Sertoli-sertoli tight jx are stiumlated to form, when, by what?
(zo, not za) (many parallel fusion lines in adjacent members) |
At puberty by FSH
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What is the significance of sertoli-sertoli tight junctions?
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They establish a basal and a adluminal compartment.
AND Create the blood-testis barrier |
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Where are the sertoli-sertoli tight junctions located?
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Near the basal surface
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What occurs in the basal compartment of the seminiferous tubules?
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Mitosis and early meiosis
Spermatogonia, ie Type A Dark, Type A Pale, Type B, 1Spermatogonia) |
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What occurs in the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubules?
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2Spermatocytes, spermatids, meiosis, spermiogenesis
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What is the purpose of the blood-testes-barrier created by tight junctions in the sertoli cells?
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Creates a physiologic compartments, immunological barrier by sheilding developing sperm from the immune system
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Can the body have an autoimmune response to its own sperm?
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Yes
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Do sertoli cells phagocytose, and if so, what?
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Sertoli cells phagocytose residual bodies and failed sperm
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How do sertoli cells act as supporting cells?
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They surround and physically support developing gametes. AB are excluded, yet nutrients are allowed in.
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What do sertoli cells secrete?
(4) |
Androgen binding protein
Testicular transferrin Inhibin anti-mullerian hormone (inutero) |
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What does inhibin, inhibit?
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FSH
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What is the function of androgen binding protein (ABP)?
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binds to testosterone, allowing it to leave, stimulating more testosterone to be synthesized
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Spermatogenic cells are:
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male germ cells
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What is spermatogonia and where does it occur?
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It is the process by which germ cells proceed from 46 chromosomes and 2N to 46 chromosomes and 4N
It occurs in the basal compartment of the seminiferous tubule |
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What are the four steps of spermatogonia?
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Type A Dark
Type A Pale Type B Primary Spermatocyte |
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What is spermatogenesis? How long does it a sperm to develop? How many sperm are produced in 1 day?
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2n spermatogonia divide and differentiate into 1N sperm. It takes about 64 days
200million |
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When does male germ cell meiosis begin?
When does female germ cell meiosis begin? |
At puberty
In utero |
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When can a spermatid be called a sperm?
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When it has been released from sertoli cells
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Type A Dark spermatogonia give rise to...
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Type A Dark spermatogonia and Type A Pale Spermatogonia
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Type A Pale Spermatogonia give rise to
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Type A Pale Spermatogonia
and Type B spermatogonia |
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Type B spermatogonia give rise to
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Primary Spermatocyte
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What is the DNA content of a primary spermatocyte?
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4N
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How are Type A Pale cells attached to each other, and what are these cells considered to be? What does T induce them to do?
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They attach via cytoplasmic bridges
Are considered to be true stem cells T induce them to mitose |
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Why are Type A Pale cells considered to be True stem cells?
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Because Type B cells are "progenitor cells" ie, do not self-renew
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What stage in spermatogonia are the progenitor cells?
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Type B spermatogonia
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The process by which early spermatids produced by meiosis differentiate into late spermatids and then into sperm is called...
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spermiogenesis
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What are the four phases of spermiogenesis?
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Golgi Phase
Cap Phase Acrosomal Phase Maturation Phase |
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What phase of spermiogenesis gives rise to acrosmal vesicle?
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during the golgi phase of spermiogenesis
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Where is the acrosomal vesicle formed?
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Near the nuclear envelop, even attaching to the NE
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What is the significance of the acrosomal vesicle?
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It determines the anterior pole of the sperm
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How do acrosomal vesicles form?
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RER forms hydrolytic enzymes which are modified in the Golgi, and packaged by the TGN into paracrosomal granules. These granules then coalesce?
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Are acrosomal vesicles or paraacrosomal granules membrane bound?
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Yes, they both are
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What established the posterior pole of the sperm in the cap phase?
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Paired centrioles establish the posterior pole
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What initiates the synthesis of the axoneme of the sperm tail in the cap phase?
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The PM
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In which phase does the acrosomal cap form? What does the acrosomal cap cause?
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During the cap phase.
The acrosomal cap causes the nuclear envelope to lose pores. |
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Where does the head point towards in the acrosomal phase?
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Towards the basal lamina
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What occurs during the acrosomal phase of spermiogenesis?
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the condensed N elongates and flattens
The centrioles are modified to form the neck The neck unites the N with the flagellum |
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Excess cytoplasm pinched off during the residual phase is called what? Phagocytosed by what?
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Residual bodies are phagocytosed by sertoli cells
(sertoli cells also phagocytoes the cytoplasmic bridges) |
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During which phase are spermatids released from the sertoli cells? Where are they released to? What is this process called? Are sperm motile at this point?
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Maturation Phase
Seminiferous Tubule Spermiation No...non-motile sperm |
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What occurs during the maturation phase?
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Residual bodies pinched off
Spermiation |
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What is the effect of prolactin in the male?
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It binds Leydig cells and enhances stimulatory effect of LH
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What stimulates sertoli cells to make inhibin?
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FSH
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What is the effect of Inhibin. Does it work through neg or pos feedback?
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Inhibits FSH release
Negative feedback to ant pit |
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What binds Leydig cells and enhances stimulatory effect of LH
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Prolactin
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Testosterone acts via negative feedback to the hypothalamus and the ant pit to decrease
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LH
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What is the effect of prolactin in the male?
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It binds Leydig cells and enhances stimulatory effect of LH
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What stimulates sertoli cells to make inhibin?
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FSH
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What is the effect of Inhibin. Does it work through neg or pos feedback?
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Inhibits FSH release
Negative feedback to ant pit |
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What binds Leydig cells and enhances stimulatory effect of LH
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Prolactin
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Testosterone acts via negative feedback to the hypothalamus and the ant pit to decrease
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LH
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Acrosome is a lysosome that contains three enzymes. What are they?
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Hyaluronidase
Acid Phosphatase Acrosin |
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What organelles are present in mature sperm?
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Acrosome and mitochondria for flagellar mvmt
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What triggers the acrosomal rxn?
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Sperm binding to ZP3 of the zonula pellucida of the ovum
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How long is sperm?
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60micrometers
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What are the five parts of a sperm?
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Head
Neck Mid Piece Principle Piece End piece |
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Describe the five parts of a sperm....
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Head - nucleus and acrosome
Neck - contians centrioles Mid Piece - mitochondria and external dense fibers Principle Piece - 9 dense fibers & the circumferential fibrous sheath End piece - axoneme only |
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Sertoli cells vs germ cells
Which ARE resistant to irradiation? |
Sertoli cells
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Describe sperm transport begininng with the seminiferous tubule...
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to the straight tubule ->
rete testes -> efferent ductules -> epididymal duct -> |
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What increases in the duct system the further you go?
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Smooth muscle contraction
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Where is the fluid secreted from that is in the st. tubule and rete testes?
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Sertoli cells
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Where is the majority of the fluid from sertoli cells reabsorbed?
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Efferent ductules
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Where do the sperm develop motility?
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In the Epididymal Duct
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How much lower is the temp in the testicles than in the rest of the body?
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2-3 degree celsius
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Describe the "counter-current heat exchanger" in the testes.
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The testicular artery is surrounded by the pampiniform plexus, which is a plexus of veins that cool the blood that is entering the testes
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The creamaster muscle is continuous with what muscle?
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Internal Oblique
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What is the purpose of the creamaster muscle?
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When it is especially cold, it can contract to bring the testes closer to the body to maintain temp of developing sperm
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When do the interstitial cells of leydig secrete Testosterone?
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Fetally and then again at puberty and for the remainder of life
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What is the effect of fetal Testosterone secretion?
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It promotes Wolfian duct development and inhibits Mullerian duct development
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The first and the second half of the straight tubules (tubula rectae) are lined by different cells. What are they?
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1st 1/2 are sertoli cells
2nd 1/2 are si cuboidal |
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The seminiferous tubules end abruptly and transition to the
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straight tubules
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What are the rete testes? Where are they located? What do they connect to?
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complex interconnecting channels in the mediastinum testes. They connect to the efferent ductules
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Where does the duct system penetrate the tunica albuinea?
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The efferent ductules
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What do the efferent ducutles connect to? (12 coalese to dump into one...)
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epididymal duct
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How many cell types line the efferent ductules?
Describe them. |
Two
Tall columnar, ciliated to move sperm Short have mv but no cilia |
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What assists movement of sperm in the efferent ductules?
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Smooth muscle coat
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Is the epididymal duct long or short? Straight or coiled?
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Long (4-6meters) and highly coiled
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What occurs in the epidiymal duct? Where are sperm stored?
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Sperm further mature and are stored in the tail
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What are the three cell types that line the epididymal duct?
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pseudostratified epi, basal cells and principle cells
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What kind of EPI is found in the EPIdidymal duct?
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Pseudostratified Epithelium
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What are the stem cells in the epididymal duct?
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Basal Cells
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What cells in the epididymal duct have apical sterocilia and are secretory cells?
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Principle Cells
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What do priniciple cells in the epididymal duct secrete?
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Glycoprotiens
Organic acids (to decrease pH of testicular fluid) Glycerophosphocholine (to inhibit sperm capacitation) |
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What is the purpose of organic acids and glycerophophocholine in the epididymal duct?
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Organic acids-to decrease pH of testicular fluid
Glycerophosphocholine-to inhibit sperm capacitation |
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What are some of the changes that occur in the epididymal duct?
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Epi height decrease
Stereocilia height decreases T forms DHT Sm muscle around duct increase Absorb bicarb to keep pH low Phagocytose degenerate sperm |
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Where does T form DHT?
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In the epididymal duct
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How is the tail of the epididymal duct innervated?
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By sympathetics
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Why does the epididymal duct absorb bicarb?
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To keep the pH low
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How is the head region of the epididymal duct innervated?
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It isn't.
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What is the sig of tall columnar cells in the epididymal duct being ciliated?
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To help move sperm
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What is a continuation of the epididymal duct?
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The vas deferens
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Where does the vas deferens enter the abdomen? Decribe its progression from there.
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In the spermatic cord, the distal end enlarges to form an ampulla which is joined by the seminal vesicle, and both continue as the ejaculatory duct through the parenchyma of the prostate gland
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Does the vas deferens have muscle around it? If so, how is it innervated.
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yes, sympathetically innervated 3 layers of smooth muscle in a multiunit pattern
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What is the germ layer origin of the seminal vesicle? What about the prostate gland?
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Mesoderm
Endoderm |
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What controls the function of the seminal vesicle
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Testosterone
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Describe the mucosa of the seminal vesicle
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It is highly folded to increase SA for secretion
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What type of epithelium is in the seminal vesicle?
What are the secreting cells in the seminal vesicles |
Pseudostratified epi (tall nonciliated)
Pseudostratified epi (tall nonciliated) |
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What do the pseudostratified epi secrete?
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50-70% of the semen volume
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What gives semen its color? What does semen contain?
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Color due to flavins, which fluorece under UV light
Fructose, seminal vesicle-specific proteins, AA's, ascoribic acid, prostaglandins |
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What is the largest accessory sex gland?
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The prostate gland
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Which gland causes 70% of all adenocarcinomas of the prostate?
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The main gland
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How are the glands arranged?
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Mucosal around the urethra
Submucosal around the mucosal Main around the submucosal |
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The prostatic alveoli in older men usually contain concretions. What is thier significance?
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Unknown
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What are the three prostatic secretions?
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Acid Phosphotase
PAP PSA |
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PSA Prostatic specific antigen, a serine protease fx?
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Helps to liquify semen so sperm can swim
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What does PAP stand for in reference to the prostate?
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Prostate Specific Acid Phosphotase
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What is BPH
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Benign prostatic hypertrophy, which is when the prostate constricts the urethra, leading to urinary difficulties
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The bulbourethral gland is pea-sized, and also called:
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Cowper's Gland
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What does the Bulbourethral gland connect to?
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The penile urethra by long ducts
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What type of glands are in the bulbourethral gland? What do they secrete?
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Compound tubuloalveolar glands.
Secrete clear viscous mucus-like preseminal fluid to lubricate the lumen of the penile urethra |
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What percentage of 50 year old men have BPH?
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40%
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What consists of 2 crura, a bulb and associated muscles?
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The root of the penis
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What consists of corpur cavernous, corpus spongeosis, and glands penis?
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Body of penis
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Prepuce is simply
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Foreskin
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What is the corpus cavernousus also called?
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Erectile tissue
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When is the AV shunt open vs closed?
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Open in flaccid state
Closed in erect state |
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What are the cavernous blood spaces lined by?
What is it separated by? When is this space small? |
endothelial cells
Trabecula, also called septum, and smooth muscle It is small in the flaccid state, av shunt is open, so blood bypasses the vascular spaces of the erectile tissue |
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Under what control is an erection acheived?
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Parasympathetic control
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Why is an erection considered to be a hemodynamic event?
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It involves neural input to arterial muscle and smooth muscle.
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What limits the expansion of the erection?
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Tunica albuginea which surrounds the corpus cavernosa
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How does parasympathetic stimulation cause an erection?
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Nitric oxide causes relaxation of sm muscles and increases blood flow
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When the av shunt is closed, what is the flow of blood?
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From the deep artery, thru the dialated helicine artery, to the cavernous blood space (then the venous plexus, the deep dorsal vein, and the prostatic venous plexus)
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What causes the end of the errection?
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Phosphodiesterase (PDE) destroys cGMP to end the erection
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Under what control is ejaculation?
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Sympathetic control
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In emmision (sequntial release of products into urethra) what do the following add?
Bulbourethral gland Prostate Testicular ducts Seminal vesicles |
Bulbourethral gland
(adds lubricant) Prostate (adds enzymes) Testicular ducts (adds sperm) Seminal vesicles (add nutrients) |
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What occurs during ejaculation?
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Sm muscle contration
Sphincter of urinary bladder closes Bulbospongiosus muscle powerfully contracts |
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Where is the bulbospongiosus muscle located?
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At the end of the bulb of the penis
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How much semen, and sperm are usually ejaculated?
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3mL
300million sperm |
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Coagulation of semen usually occurs in 5 min due to clotting factors. What is the function of this?
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Unknown
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How long does it take for semen to reliquify? What reliquifies it?
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10-20 min
PSA and other proteolytic enzymes break down the clot |
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What is the purpose of reliquifying semen?
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It is easier for sperm to swim in thin fluid
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Are all the sperm ejaculated full functional?
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No, 20% are abnormal and 25% are nonmotile
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Where does fertilization occur?
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In the oviduct
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What is capacitation of sperm and where does it occur?
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Sperm become permeable to Ca making them more active. This occurs in the uterus
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What two events must occur in sperm prior to fertilization
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Maturation and capacitation
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What are the three main events of fertilization?
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Acrosomal Rxn
Sperm binding to ZP3 Sperm-oocyte fusion |
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What is the acrosomal rxn?
How is hyaluronidase impt? |
acrosomal contents are released.
Hyaluronidase dissolves intercellular material btwn cells of corona radiata |
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What facilitates the penetration fo the zona pellucida by sperm, thus allowing for sperm binding to ZP3?
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Acrosin
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Ca dependent exocytosis of cortical granules.
PM fusion induced by disintegrin binding to α3β1 integrin receptor |
Sperm-oocyte fusion
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What is the purpose of the cortical rxn?
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prevents polyspermy
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The cortical rxn consists of a fast component and a slow component. Which one is temporary? What do each do?
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The fast component is temporary and changes the resting mem pot of the oocyte PM
The slow component is when the cortical granules in the oocyte cytoplasm are released in to the previtiline space and hydrolyze ZP3 molecules |
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What are ZP3 molecules?
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Sperm receptors in the zona pellucida
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What occurs when the sperm enters the secondary oocyte?
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The second meiotic division, the oocyte becomes a ovum and a 2nd polar body
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What two structures fuse to form the zygote, 46 chromosomes?
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The ovum (female pronucleus) and the male pronucleus
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