Catos Exam 3 Ream Female Reproductive Tract

Front 1

Why are the ovaries considered to be a dual gland?

Back 1

Bc they produce gametes and steroids
(gametogenesis, and steroidogenesis)

Front 2

Estrogen (17β-estradiole) causes secondary sex characteristics. Give 4 examples:

Back 2

distribution of fat (T&A)
chg in body shape
Less body hair, more scalp hair
Stimulates duct in mammary gland

Front 3

Progestrone is produced in two locations:

Back 3

Ovary in granulosa lutein
Placenta in syncytiotrophoblast

Front 4

What are the effects of progesterone?

Back 4

Prepares the internal sex organs for reproduction
Promotes chgs in endometrium of the uterus
Promotes lobular proliferation and alveoli to develop and mature in mammary gland

Front 5

Germinal Epithelium is a modified peritoneum over ovaries and testes. What is it derived from?
What is the cell type?

Back 5

Mesothelium
Cuboidal

Front 6

What is the typical source of most ovarian tumors?

Back 6

Germinal epithelium

Front 7

What are the three regions of the ovary?

Back 7

Cortex
Medulla
Hilius

Front 8

What is in the cortex of the ovary?

Back 8

Surrounds medulla
oocyte-containing-mashed-potato-eatin-ovarian follicles

Front 9

What is in the Medulla of the ovary?

Back 9

Mass of large coiled blood vessels

Front 10

What is in the Hilius of the ovary?

Back 10

Bld vessels, nerves and lymphatics

Front 11

Vagina
What type of tube?

Back 11

Fibromuscular

Front 12

Vagina
How is it flattened?

Back 12

anteroposteriorly

Front 13

Vagina
3 layers, what are they?

Back 13

Mucosa
Muscularis
Adventitia

Front 14

Vaginal Wall Epithelium
What causes glycogen accumulation by midcycle?
Bacterial flora metabolize glycogen and thereby form:

Back 14

Estrogen

Lactic Acid (low pH)

Front 15

Vaginal Wall Epithelium
What type of epithelium?

Back 15

St. Sq. nonker

Front 16

Vaginal Wall Lamina Propria
Two MAJOR Characteristics:

Back 16

Lots of ELASTIC TISSUE
NO GLANDS

Front 17

Vaginal Wall Lamina Propria
The connective tissue papillae stick into the:

Back 17

Epithelial layer

Front 18

Vaginal Wall Lamina Propria
Where does the vaginal fluid come from?

Back 18

Mucus from cervical glands and plasma from thin veins.

Front 19

What type of muscle is in the muscularis of the vaginal wall?

Back 19

Two layers of smooth muscle, but also a ring of skeletal muscle around opening of vagina

Front 20

What are the four layers of the vaginal wall?

Back 20

Epithelium
Lamina Propria
Muscularis
Adventitia

Front 21

What has exaggerated papillae and bundels of smooth muscle that contract

Back 21

Areola of breast

Front 22

What is the duct portion of the mammary glands influenced by?

Back 22

Estrogen, glucocorticoids, hGH

Front 23

What is the mammary gland from?

Back 23

epidermis

Front 24

What is the structure of mammary glands?
~20 lobes, each of which open to the nipple via:
Some milk is stored in the:

Back 24

Compound tubuloalveolar gland
Lactiferous Duct
Lactiferous Sinus

Front 25

Postpubertal: what happens to mammary glands?

Back 25

Lobes become apparent
Ducts develop via estrogen

Front 26

Is the active, proliferating gland during pregnancy a secretory strx yet?

Back 26

Not yet
Dev of gland: Prolonged P&E levels, hGH and prolactin

Front 27

In lactating mammary glands, what regulates glandular epi cells?

Back 27

Prolactin

Front 28

What is colostrum and what is in it?

Back 28

The first secretion of mammary glands
Lots of AB, high protein, lipid poor, IgA

Front 29

What hormones are involved in the milk ejection reflex, and when does it occur?

Back 29

Prolactin and Oxytocin
When baby clamps down on nipple

Front 30

Where is oxytocin from and what does it cause?
Where is prolactin from and what does it cause?

Back 30

Neurohypophysis-contraction of myoepithelial cells around alveoli
Adenohypophysis-production of milk in alveoli for 3-4 hours

Front 31

Fertilization-morula-blastocyst
Blastocyst
1. peripheral trophoblast is
2. Inner cell mass is
3. Implantation occurs when?

Back 31

1. fetal part of placenta
2. enclosed by trophoblast, forms embryo
3. 5-6 days after fertilization, while the endometrium is in the secretory phase

Front 32

The placental septae divide the:

Back 32

coyteledons

Front 33

What does the intervillus space contain?

Back 33

Maternal Blood

Front 34

Syncytiotrophoblast is the outer layer which is:

Back 34

Continuous, multinucleated compartment not divided into cells

Front 35

Cyntotrophoblast - columnar cells that contribute to the

Back 35

syncytrotrophoblast

Front 36

Describe the fetal side of the placental blood supply?

Back 36

syncitiotrophoblast -> chorionic plate -> placental vili
Blood in umbilical arteries is O2 poor and veins are O2 rich

Front 37

Maternal side of the placental blood supply
What is the decidua?
Where is the decidua basalis?

Back 37

What is the decidua: altered maternal tissue, which is shed w/ placenta during childbirth
Btwn embryo and myometrium

Front 38

What is key about the placental barrier?
Where is the actual site of exchange?
Stromal cx tissue form decidual cells which synthesize what?

Back 38

NO PARACELLULAR ROUTE!!!
Free villi
Prolactin

Front 39

Placental Barrier
What passively diffuses?
Facilitated diffusion?
Receptor mediated endocytosis?
"Bad Stuff"?

Back 39

O2, CO2, FA, steroids, electrolytes
Glucose
**IgG**, Insuline
Viruses, rubella, HIV, alcohol drugs

Front 40

Compared to the uterus, the cervic:

Back 40

has less smooth muscle and more elastic fibers

Front 41

What are the two structures in the cervical canal?

Back 41

Simple columnar mucus cells
Cervical Glands

Front 42

What is the structure of cervical glands? What do they secrete? What are nonpathological cysts that can block them?

Back 42

Branched tubular
Mucus and lysozyme
Nabothian Cysts

Front 43

Relaxin is a luteal hormone. What does it do?

Back 43

Induces lysis of collagen, softens cervix so it can dilate, and relaxes the pubic symphisis

Front 44

What occurs at the cervical vaginal junction (external os)?

Back 44

transition of epi from simple columnar to strat sq nonker.
Strat sq used for pap smear to test for cervical carcinoma

Front 45

The cervial epithelium: chem and phys nature of mucus changes during cycle.
What are the two phases?

Back 45

Proliferative phase
Secretory phase

Front 46

What occurs to mucus during the cervical proliferative phase?

Back 46

Mucus is watery/serous to facilitate sperm entry
Midcycle, estrogen increases 10X

Front 47

What occurs to mucus during the cervical secretory phase and pregnancy?

Back 47

Mucous is viscous preventing entry of sperm and microorganisms

Front 48

What are the four phases of menstruation?

Back 48

Proliferation
eary Secretory Phase
late Secretory Phase
Menstuatioin

Front 49

The proliferative phase is the most variable but generally occurs:

Back 49

Days 5-14

Front 50

The early Secretory Phase occurs on days:

Back 50

15-24

Front 51

The late Secretory Phase occurs on days:

Back 51

25-28

Front 52

The Menstrual phase occurs on days:

Back 52

1-4

Front 53

What is the significance of ED and PAUL in mammary glands?

Back 53

estrogen acts on ducts
Progesterone acts on alveloli

Front 54

Estrogen causes a positive feedback to the anterior pituitary because it stimulates:

Back 54

LH

Front 55

The early Secretory Phase occurs on days:

Back 55

15-24

Front 56

The late Secretory Phase occurs on days:

Back 56

25-28

Front 57

The Menstrual phase occurs on days:

Back 57

1-4

Front 58

What is the significance of ED and PAUL in mammary glands?

Back 58

estrogen acts on ducts
Progesterone acts on alveloli

Front 59

Estrogen causes a positive feedback to the anterior pituitary because it stimulates:

Back 59

LH

Front 60

Estrogen and Progestrone are part of a negative feedback to the hypothalamus because they inhibit:

Back 60

GnRH

Front 61

When does LH peak?
When does ovulation occur?

Back 61

Day 13.5
Day 14

Front 62

When does estrogen production peak?
When does implantation occur?

Back 62

Day 12.5
Day 19

Front 63

What does inhibin do? when?

Back 63

Decreases FSH and feedsback to stop LH during secretion phase.

Front 64

In the 28 day cycle, what is considered day 1?

Back 64

1st day aunt flow comes to visit

Front 65

What has degraded and caused menstruation?
What is markedly decreased?

Back 65

Corpus luteum of menstuation
Estrogen and progestrone levels

Front 66

What is sloughed off in patches during menstuation? What causes this?

Back 66

Stratum Functionalis endometrium
Caused by loss of blood flow which is due to lower progesterone levels due to degenerating corpus luteum

Front 67

What prevents blood clots from forming during menstruation?

Back 67

Fibrinolysis

Front 68

What two changes occur to the endometrium during the "late secretory" or "premenstrual phase"

Back 68

Endometrium regresses due to lack of progesterone
Endometrial blood vessels constrict spasmodically, and then stay constricted, leading to necrosis of fx layer, and some leaked/pooled blood

Front 69

Leaking or pooled blood is a sign histologically we are in what phase?

Back 69

premenstrual phase

Front 70

What do growing follicles secrete in the proliferative phase? What type of follicles are they?

Back 70

Estrogen
Multilaminar or secondary

Front 71

What phase in the ovary does the proliferative phase correspond to?

Back 71

The follicular phase

Front 72

What signifies the beginning and ending of the proliferative phase?

Back 72

Bleeding stops, day after ovulation

Front 73

During which phase does mitosis of the surface epithelium and stroma occur?

Back 73

Proliferative Phase

Front 74

Endometrial glands are straight tubes. When can thier glycogen be found in the basal cytoplasm?

Back 74

In the Proliferative and early Secretory Phases

Front 75

What is the purpose of glycogen-rich material in the repro tract?

Back 75

It nourishes the conceptus until the placenta forms

Front 76

When does glycogen shift from the basal to apical side of glands?

Back 76

Early secretory phase, glands have a spiral sacculated appearance

Front 77

Why does the endometrial thickness increase? When?

Back 77

During the early Secretory Phase, due to edema and accumulation of glycogen

Front 78

In the development of male and female reproductive tracts, one duct system is inhibited to and another forms the female tracts

Back 78

The woolfian ducts (male) are inhibited in the female and the Mullerian duct forms the female tract.

Front 79

Where are the ovarian follicles from embylogically?

Back 79

Endoderm of yolk sac

Front 80

The ovarian follicles are from the endoderm of the yolk sac embylogically...where doe they proceed?

Back 80

To the gut tube, then to the dorsal body wall

Front 81

Ovarian follicles each contain:

Back 81

a single oocyte

Front 82

Ovarian follicles
No new oocytes are formed after birth, they remain in the

Back 82

1st meiotic division

Front 83

What reduces the number of primary oocytes?
Birth
Menarche
Mature oocytes produced

Back 83

Atresia
2million
400,000
500

Front 84

What are the four stages of ovarian follicular development?

Back 84

Primordial Follicles
Primary Follicles
Secondary (antral) follicles
Mature Graafian Follicles

Front 85

What is the corona radiata?
What is the cumulus oophorus?
What stage are these characteristic of?

Back 85

Granulosa cells that surround primary oocyte
Granulosa cells that project out from the wall into the antrum of the follicle
Mature Graafian Follicles

Front 86

Mature Graafian Follicles

Back 86

Are visible, are ovulated

Front 87

ZP3 sugars are O-linked, therefore are

Back 87

added in the Golgi

Front 88

The antrum is a fluid filled cavity associated with what stage of ovarian follicular development?

Back 88

Secondary (antral) Follicles

Front 89

In what stage do the Theca finish developing?

Back 89

Secondary (antral) Follicles

Front 90

In Secondary (antral) Follicles continued proliferation of the secondary follicle depends on what from where?

Back 90

FSH from the basophils of the anterior pitutary

Front 91

There are two substages of Primary Follicles. What are they?

Back 91

Unilaminar
Multilaminar

Front 92

What type of cells are unilaminar Primary follicles? What begins forming here?

Back 92

Simple cuboidal
Zonula Pellucida

Front 93

Multilaminar Primary Follicles are also called:

Back 93

Granulosa cells

Front 94

Granulosa cells form the(3):

Back 94

stratum granulosa (avascular epi)
develop GAP Jx in zonula pellucida
many/large organells

Front 95

What type of follicles contain cortical granules?

Back 95

Granulosa Cells (multilaminar)

Front 96

Where are cortical granuals located and what do they contain?

Back 96

In cyto near PM
Hydrolytic enzymes

Front 97

The zonula pellucida forms to separate the:

Back 97

oocyte from the follicular cell

Front 98

There are 3 types of ZP glycoproteins. Which one has sperm receptors?

Back 98

ZP3

Front 99

At which stage do follicular cells start to develop a Theca interna and externa?

Back 99

In the multilaminar primary follicle

Front 100

What is the significance of the Theca Interna? Is it vascularized? What type of capillaries? What do they produce?

Back 100

LH Receptors
Vascularized
Fenestrated Sinusoidal Capillaries
Produce androsetnodione

Front 101

What type of epi cells are in the primordial follicles?

Back 101

Simple sq

Front 102

What separates the primary oocyte from the epi in the primordial follicles?

Back 102

Basement membrane

Front 103

Describe the primary oocyte appearance and DNA content:

Back 103

Large Eccentric N
Conspicuous Nucleoli**
46 chromosomes, 4N

Front 104

What are the 3 parts of the pear shaped uterus?

Back 104

Fundus
Body
Cervix

Front 105

What two parts of the uterus have endometrium, myometrium, and adventitia or serosa?

Back 105

Fundus
Body

Front 106

4 characteristics of the uterus' Perimetrium

Back 106

Outer serous of visceral peritoneal
Continuous w/ pelvic and abdominal peritoneum
Has a mesothelium
Pt of ant portion has adventitia instead of perimetrium

Front 107

The myometrium is the

Back 107

muscular wall of the uterus

Front 108

How many layers of muscle are in the myometrium of the uterus?
Where does the muscle lessen?

Back 108

3 of smooth muscle

Toward the cervix

Front 109

What increases the size of myometrial cells during pregnancy?
Hypertrophy, hyperplasia, apoptosis

Back 109

Estrogen

Front 110

What are the layers of the uterus?

Back 110

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

Front 111

What are the subdivisions of the endometrium of the uterus?

Back 111

Stratum Basalis -deepest part of endometrial glands
Stratum Functionalis -supeficial, thick, lost during menstruation

Front 112

does the stratum basalis change during the monthly cycle?

Back 112

No

Front 113

Where is the cell source for regeneration in the uterus?

Back 113

In the stratum basalis

Front 114

What are the two types of endometrial blood vessels?

Back 114

Spiral Arteries
Straight Arteries

Front 115

From what, do the endometrial blood vessels arise?

Back 115

Arcuate arteries

Front 116

Spiral Arteries and Straight Arteries are the two types of endometrial blood vessels. One supplies the basal layer and thus is shorter. The other branches to capillaries that supply the glands cx tissue of the stratum fx.

Back 116

Spiral Arteries-branches to capillaries that supply the glands cx tissue of the stratum fx
Straight Arteries-supplies the basal layer and thus is shorter

Front 117

What type of glands are in the endometrium of the uterus? Where do they extend to?

Back 117

Simple tubular, extend to myometrium

Front 118

Does the structure of the glands in the endometrium of the uterus change during the woman's cycle? If so, why?

Back 118

YES, due to glycogen, mucus and edema

Front 119

In the mucosa of the endometrium of the uterus, what cell types are present? What is the lamina propria like?

Back 119

Mucosa cell types: simple columnar, some ciliated, some not
LP is very cellular and has an abundence of reticular fibers

Front 120

Are there receptor in the stratum basalis of the uterus for cycle horomones?

Back 120

NO

Front 121

Fallopian Tubes are also called the:
What do they develop from?

Back 121

Oviduct
From unfused mid portion of Mullerian duct

Front 122

What are the oviduct suspended in?
What is the mst impt part?

Back 122

Mesosalpinx
Ampulla bc it is the widest, longest and site of fertilization

Front 123

What are the layers of the oviduct from inside out?

Back 123

Mucosal Epi
Subepi layers
Muscularis
Serosa

Front 124

What type of epi cells are in the mucosal epi of the oviduct? (general)

Back 124

simple columnar, some ciliated, some not
-depends on location and phase

Front 125

What type of epi cells are in the mucosal epi of the oviduct?

Back 125

Ciliated cells
Peg Cells

Front 126

Mainly located in the infundibulum and during the proliferative phase:

Back 126

ciliated cells-cilia beat towards uterus

Front 127

Mainly located in the intramural portion of the oviduct and during the luteal phase:

Back 127

Peg cells-nutrients and protection for oocyte, embryo and sperm

Front 128

What are the 3 subepithelial layers:

Back 128

Lamina Propria
Muscularis
Serosa-mesosalpinx

Front 129

How many layers of muscle are in the muscularis of the oviduct?

Back 129

2 smooth muscle layers
Inner circular
Outer longitudinal
Peristaltic waves propell oocyte

Front 130

What three things increase in the oviduct under the influence of estrogen?

Back 130

ciliogenesis
secretory activity
height of epi

Front 131

What changes as you approach the uterus in the oviduct? (3)

Back 131

Diameter decreases
Folding decreases
Thickness of wall increases

Front 132

where are longitudinal folds most complex in the oviduct?

Back 132

In the ampulla

Front 133

What prepares the endometrium for implantation and inhibits LH

Back 133

Progesterone

Front 134

What cell produce progesterone?

Back 134

Granulosa Lutein Cells

Front 135

Granulosa cells become granulosa lutein cells:

Back 135

Hypertrophy-grow but don't divide

Front 136

What cell produces estrogen?
What does estrogen inhibit?

Back 136

Theca Lutein cells
FSH

Front 137

Theca Internal cells become Theca Lutein cells. Where are they located

Back 137

On the periphery of the corpus lutein

Front 138

The corpus luteum is invaded by fibroblasts, stops fx, is phagocytosed, and leaves a scar on the ovary. This is called:

Back 138

Corpus Albicans

Front 139

Clusters of epitheliod interstitial cells in the ovarian medulla:

Back 139

Jumpstart puberty and then involute w/ 1st cycle

Front 140

Hilius cells secrete ________
Is this typically active?

Back 140

Androgens-masculizing
Not unless a tumor forms

Front 141

W/ each mentrual cycle, how many follicles are stimulated?

Back 141

20-40

Front 142

2 cell theory of estrogen production

Back 142

Syn involves 2 cell types
1. Theca interna cells
2. Granulosa Cells

Front 143

What causes more LH receptors to form on the granulosa cell?

Back 143

Estradiol

Front 144

What causes mitosis of granulosa cells and thus increases follicle size?

Back 144

Estradiol

Front 145

What is carried to the ant pit and causes increased sensitivity to GnRH ---> LH Surge

Back 145

Estradiol

Front 146

Where is LH made?

Back 146

anterior pituitary

Front 147

What does LH bind to?

Back 147

Theca Interna Cells

Front 148

What binds to theca interna cells and thereby stimulates androstenedione to form estradiol?

Back 148

LH

Front 149

What causes ovulation?

Back 149

LH

Front 150

Aromatase allows granulosa cells to convert androgen androstenodions to:

Back 150

estradiol

Front 151

FSH from the ant pit binds to granulosa cells causing (4):

Back 151

Mitosis
Cells to form aromatase
Stimulation of Gap Jx Formation
Formation of LH receptors

Front 152

Several Hours Prior to Ovulation
What accumulates in the antrum?

Back 152

Follicular fluid, but pressure does not increase

Front 153

Several Hours Prior to Ovulation
Cumulus mass breaks up, granulosa cells w/draw processes and primary oocytes completes:

Back 153

1st meiotic division

Front 154

Several Hours Prior to Ovulation
Luteiniztion, resulting structure is known as:

Back 154

Corpus Hemorrhagicum, then corpus luteum

Front 155

How are the secondary oocyte and follicular cells released?

Back 155

Ovarian surface degenerates where graafian follicle due to loss of blood supply, and it (stigma) ruputures