Catos Exam 3 Hormones-1 Dr.cool

Front 1

Endocrine glands that produce peptide hormones (4)

Back 1

Ant Pit
Post Pit
Hypothalamus
Pancreas

Front 2

Ant Pit
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

Back 2

stim syn and secretion of thyroid hormones

Front 3

Ant Pit
FSH (follicle stim hormone)

Back 3

Stim sperm maturation in Sertoli cells of testes. Stim follicular dev and estrogen syn in ovaries.

Front 4

Ant Pit
LH

Back 4

Stim testosterone syn in Leydig cells of testes, stim ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, estrogen and progesterone syn in ovaries.

Front 5

Ant Pit
Growth Hormone

Back 5

Stim protein syn and overall growth

Front 6

Ant Pit
Prolactin

Back 6

Stim milk production and secretion in breasts

Front 7

Ant Pit
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Back 7

stim syn and secretion of adrenal cortical hormones (cortisol, androgens, aldosterone)

Front 8

Ant Pit
Melanocyte-stim hormone
MSH

Back 8

Stim melanin secretion

Front 9

Hypothalamus
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone(TRH)

Back 9

Stim secretion of TSH and prolactin

Front 10

Hypothalamus
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
(CRH)

Back 10

Stim secretion of ACTH

Front 11

Hypothalamus
GnRH

Back 11

Stim secretion of LH and FSH

Front 12

Hypothalamus
SRIF

Back 12

(Somatostatin or somatatropin release-inhibiting hormone)
Inhibits secretion of growth hormone

Front 13

Hypothalamus
PIF
(dopamine or prolactin inhibiting factor)

Back 13

Inhibits secretion of prolactin

Front 14

Hypothalamus
GHRH

Back 14

(growth hormone releasing hormone)
Stim secretion of growth hormone

Front 15

Where and what:
Calcitonin

Back 15

In thyroid
Decreases serum Ca2+

Front 16

Where and what:
PTH

Back 16

Parathyroid
Increases serum Ca2+

Front 17

Where and what:
HCG

Back 17

Placenta
Stim estrogen and progesterone syn in corpus luteum of early pregnancy

Front 18

Where and what:
HPL (human placental lactogen or human chorionic somatomammotropin

Back 18

Placenta
Has growth hormone-like and prolactin-like actions during pregnancy

Front 19

Where and what:
Insulin (β cells)

Back 19

Pancreas
decreases blood glucose

Front 20

Where and what:
Glucagon (α cells)

Back 20

Pancreas
Increases blood glucose

Front 21

Where and what:
Renin

Back 21

Kidney
catalyzes conversion of angiotensen to angiotensin I

Front 22

What are the five general stages in hormone development?

Back 22

Synthesis
Packaging
Processing
Secretion
Degradation

Front 23

Peptide Hormone Production
Synthesis

Back 23

Prohormone syn in ER,removal of signal peptide, formation of disulfide bridges, folding and glycosylation.
Prohormone moves to Golgi, for further post-trans modifications

Front 24

Peptide Hormone Production
Packaging

Back 24

In the TGN, prohormone packaged into ISG (immature secretory granules). Packaged with processing enzymes and other required proteins in ISG.

Front 25

Peptide Hormone Production
Processing

Back 25

A)Cleavage at paired basic residues, at C-term (of lys and arg), requires low pH (via proton pumps)
B)Removal of basic residues and amidation of C-term, making them more biologically active and preserves 1/2 life once secreted

Front 26

Peptide Hormone Production
Secretion

Back 26

Mature secretory granules wait on cyto side of PM for extracellular signal signal that causes depolarization of membrane (influx of Ca, fusion of granules w/ PM and release)

Front 27

Peptide Hormone Production
Degradation

Back 27

1/2 lives (minutes)
Degraded by serum and cell surface proteases
Receptor mediated endocytosis (receptor is endocytoses as well) and degradation by lysosomal proteases

Front 28

Peptide Hormone Production
Processing details

Back 28

Begins in RSG, cleaved by prohormone convertases (PC1/3 and PC2) @ paired basic residues
Carboxypeptidase E removes the basic residues
Polyamidation enzyme (PAM) amidates the C-term

Front 29

Peptide Hormone Production
Processing details (POMC)

Back 29

Pro-opiomelanocortin
Differentially processed based on location (ACTH is in ant & neurointermediate lobe of pit) and conditions (stress)

Front 30

What is:
JP
CLIP
LPH

Back 30

Joining peptide
Corticotropin-like intermediate peptide
Lipotropin

Front 31

All prohormones have a regulated secretory pathway.
Contrast to constitutive secretory pathway.

Back 31

Regulated
Endocrine and neuroendocrine
Requires stim, deplarization via Ca2+ influx
Sorting signals sort prohormone into ISG.
Mutation in sorting signal can lead to disease

Front 32

Two types of Hypercortisolism

Back 32

Cushing Disease (brain)
Cushing Syndrome (adrenal)

Front 33

Cushing Syndrome

Back 33

Adenoma of adrenal cortex
Release excess cortisol
Treat w/ Ketoconazole or Metyrapone
High dexamethasone suppression=ACTH undetectable, but cortisol is.

Front 34

Cushing Disease
(mst common form of syndrome)

Back 34

Pit-ACTH secreting tumors
more in females
Treatment=surgery
High-Dexamethasone suppression, ACTH normal to elevated, cortisol suppressed.

Front 35

Peptide Hormone Diseases
Diabetes insipidus (general)

Back 35

Polydipsia, polyuria, weakness, 1/10,000, MR if undiagnosed in early childhood.

Front 36

Diabetes insipidus
Nephrogenic

Back 36

Loss of fx AVP receptors in kidney, treat w/ ibuprofen

Front 37

Diabetes insipidus
Gestational

Back 37

Disappears after 4-6wks after delivery, treated w/ desmopressin, & time

Front 38

Diabetes insipidus
Dipsogenic

Back 38

Vasopressin suppression by vast intake of fluids, treat w/ decrease in H2O

Front 39

Diabetes insipidus
Neurogenic (central)

Back 39

mst common
X-linked, AD
Defect in AVP secretion from post lobe pit, treat w/ synthetic AVP (desmopressin)
FNDI

Front 40

General Characteristics of catecholamines, serotonin, and melatonin (3)

Back 40

Derived from AA
Small molecules
Neurotransmitters

Front 41

3 types of catecholamines
(general fx: respond to severe stress)

Back 41

Epinphrine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine

Front 42

Effects of Epinephrine

Back 42

Increase hrt rate, & stroke volume
Constricts arterioles in skin, dialates in leg muscles
Elevates blood sugar
Begins breakdown of lipids in adipocytes
*suppressive effect on immune system

Front 43

Effects of Norepinephrine

Back 43

Via sym N.S. increases hrt rate, releases energy from fat, increases muscle readiness

Front 44

Effects of Dopamine

Back 44

From hypothalamus, inhibits release of prolactin

Front 45

Play a large role in attention and focus:

Back 45

Norepi and Dopamine

Front 46

Synthesis location
Epinephrine

Back 46

adrenal medulla

Front 47

Synthesis location
Norepinephrine

Back 47

Most in symp nerves, adrenal medulla and CNS

Front 48

Synthesis location
Dopamine

Back 48

CNS
Can't cross BBB

Front 49

5 stages in catecholamine production:
Synthesis

Back 49

Tyr transported into cell -->
tyr to DOPA via tyr hydroxylase -->
DOPA to dopamine via DOPA decarboxylase

Front 50

5 stages in catecholamine production:
Packaging

Back 50

Packaged into secretory vesicles via ATP dependent pump.
NE produced by Dopamine β hydroxylase
Epi produced by phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase

Front 51

5 stages in catecholamine production:
Processing

Back 51

Epi and Norepi synthesized in secretory vesicle

Front 52

5 stages in catecholamine production:
Secretion

Back 52

Depolarization via influx of Ca, fusion w/ PM, release

Front 53

5 stages in catecholamine production:
Degradation

Back 53

MAO and COMT break down catecholamines
Re-uptake: All three are transported back into secretory vessicles after secretion.

Front 54

Location and Fx of COMT (catechol-O-methyltransferase)

Back 54

Metabolizes catecholamines
Located mainly in postsyn neurons, also in glia and outside of brain

Front 55

Location of MAO A&B(monoamine oxidase)

Back 55

Both in neurons & astroglia
A: also in liver, GI, & placenta
B: mainly in nervous system

Front 56

Fx of MAO A&B

Back 56

Both break down dopamine
A: Brk down serotonin, epi and norepi (noradrenaline) (also catabolizes monoamines ingested)

Front 57

2 Catecholamne diseases:

Back 57

Parkinson's and tumors of adrenal medulla or sym ganglia

Front 58

Parkinson's Disease: causes

Back 58

Idiopathic, trauma, toxins, metabolic disorders, mult infarct, drugs, associated w/ other neurodegenerative disorders

Front 59

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

Back 59

L-Dopa
Levodopa/Carbidopa
Dopamine Agonist

Front 60

Levodopa
Carbidopa
Dopamine Agonist

Back 60

precursor to dopamine
peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor
Acts on dopamine receptor in adjunct w. L-Dopa (bromocriptine and pergolide)

Front 61

Tumor of Adrenal Medulla of Sympathetic Ganglia (excess production of catecholamines)
Symptoms (3)
Treatment (3)

Back 61

Tumor (pheochromocytoma), hypertension, tachycardia
Surgery, radiation, chemo

Front 62

Serotonin Fx (fluff)
Role in norm life:
Role in disorders:

Back 62

Life: mood, sleep, emesis, sexuality, appetite
Disorders: depression, migraine, bipolar disorder, anxiety.
(Other roles: vasoconstrictor, regeneration of liver.)

Front 63

Melatonin fx:

Back 63

regulates sleep/wake cycles
used for sleep induction, best during day
prevents jet-lag

Front 64

Serotonin and Melatonin are produced in the:

Serotonin is secreted by cells in the:

Back 64

Pineal Gland
Small intestines

Front 65

What does serotonin (also called 5HT) do?

Back 65

In SmlInt, its a vasoconstrictor and a smooth muscle stimulator.
It also causes diurnal variations in cortisol secreted by adrenal gland.

Front 66

5 Stages to Serotonin and Melatonin production:
Synthesis

Back 66

Formed from tryptophan (trp)
Trp transported into cell, substrate for tryptophan hydroxylase which is rate-limiting step for syn

Front 67

5 Stages to Serotonin and Melatonin production:
Packaging

Back 67

Packaged into secretory vesicles by vesicular transport system

Front 68

5 Stages to Serotonin and Melatonin production:
Processing

Back 68

Trp-> 5HT-> serotonin-> melatonin

Front 69

5 Stages to Serotonin and Melatonin production:
Secretion

Back 69

Secretory vesicles wait for depolarization, etc

Front 70

5 Stages to Serotonin and Melatonin production:
Degradation

Back 70

Both broken down by MAO, back to precurson (5HT) and Na dependent re-uptake via vesicular transporter

Front 71

Serotonin Diseases:

Back 71

Depression, Hartnup's Disease

Front 72

Depression
Causes:
Treatment:
Pharmacology:

Back 72

Chemical imbalance
Inhibit MAO or prevent removal of NT from synaptic cleft
SSRI(serotonin reuptake inhibitors) Ex Paxil (paroxetine) Prozac (fluoxetine

Front 73

Hartnup's Disease
Causes:
Treatment:
Symptoms:

Back 73

Genetic metabolic disorder caused by defective absorption of trp
High protein diet, add di-pep- tryp-tryp to diet
Blue diaper syndrome, photosensitive dermatitis, and neuro symptoms

Front 74

General Overview of Thyroid Hormones
Type:
Syn in:
Stored as:
Iodinated by:
Undergo:
Form:

Back 74

Type: MIT & DIT
Syn in: Follicular cells of thyroid gland
Stored as: Thyroglobulin (Tgb)
Iodinated by: TPO
Undergo: coupling rxns
Form: T3 and T4

Front 75

Monoiodotyrosine and diiodotyrosine combos (coupling rxns)

Back 75

DIT + MIT = T3 (10x more active)
DIT + DIT = T4

Front 76

Iodination of tyr residues in thyroglobulin produces:

Back 76

Monoiodotyrosine and diiodotyrosine

Front 77

Thyroidal Peroxidase (TPO)

Back 77

Mem-bound heme enzyme on thyroid acinar cell.
Mediates oxidation of iodine ions and Tgb incorporation of iodine
(Tgb: 4/140 tyr residues may be iodinated)

Front 78

5 stages of Thyroid Hormone production.
Synthesis

Back 78

Pre-pro enters ER (signal peptide removed), moves to G, folding and glycosylation

Front 79

5 stages of Thyroid Hormone production.
Packaging

Back 79

Tgb moves to the colloidal space where it is iodinated and stored

Front 80

5 stages of Thyroid Hormone production.
Processing

Back 80

When receptor binds TSH, iodinated TG moves back into the cell in endosomes and fuses with lysosomes where proteases cleave the peptide bonds to form T3 and T4

Front 81

5 stages of Thyroid Hormone production.
Secretion

Back 81

Release regulated by TSH
TSH binds to follicular cells, increases cAMP

Front 82

5 stages of Thyroid Hormone production.
Degradation

Back 82

T4 is slowly eliminated.
Thyroid hormone elimination is done primarily by the kidneys
T3 and T4 mainly degradated by liver.

Front 83

How is T3/T4 production in the thyroid controlled?
Pathway?

Back 83

Via negative feedback
T3/T4 influences TRH in they hypothal and thus TSH in the ant pit and thus...itself

Front 84

What are the effects of thyroid hormones in the fetus?
Adult?

Back 84

Fetus: growth of skeleton and CNS
Adult: BMR and protein, lipid and carb metabolism

Front 85

Hypothyroidism (decreased BMR) or Hyperthyroidism (Increased BMR), which will cause a goiter to form?

Back 85

Both!!

Front 86

What are the three functions of acetylcholine?

Back 86

Makes cells more excitable.
Governs muscle contractions.
Causes glands to secrete hormones.

Front 87

Where are the following found?
ACh Receptor
AChE (esterase)

Back 87

ACh Receptor: postsyn folds
AChE: attached to the basal lamina on end plate in the synaptic space

Front 88

5 stages to ACh synthesis:
Synthesis

Back 88

ACh is syn and stored in vesicles in the motor nerve terminal (syn from choline acetyltransferase)

Front 89

5 stages to ACh synthesis:
Packaging

Back 89

ACh is concentrated in the synaptic vesicles by a proton-pump-dependent transporter

Front 90

5 stages to ACh synthesis:
Processing

Back 90

N/A

Front 91

5 stages to ACh synthesis:
Secretion

Back 91

Vesicles fuse w/ PM, releasing ACh into the synaptic cleft

Front 92

5 stages to ACh synthesis:
Degradation

Back 92

Hydrolyzed quickly and then taken up into nerve terminal by Na-dependent active transport

Front 93

ACh Diseases

Back 93

Myasthenia Gravis
Chemical exposure to organophosphates

Front 94

Histamine Functions

Back 94

Vasodilator

Front 95

5 Stages of Histamine Synthesis:
Synthesis

Back 95

Histadine is converted to histamine via decarboxylase

Front 96

5 Stages of Histamine Synthesis:
Packaging

Back 96

Stored in secrectory vesicles in mast cells

Front 97

5 Stages of Histamine Synthesis:
Processing

Back 97

N/A

Front 98

5 Stages of Histamine Synthesis:
Secretion

Back 98

Typical

Front 99

5 Stages of Histamine Synthesis:
Degradation

Back 99

Broken down by histamine-H-methyltransferase and diamine oxidase. Taken up by a transporter.