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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the 3 types of oral mucosae?
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1. lining
2. masticatory 3. specialized |
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where can masticatory mucosa be found?
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gingiva and hard palate
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where can specialized mucosa be found?
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dorsal surface of tongue
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where can lining mucosa be found?
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everywhere in the oral cavity besides what is specialized and masticatory
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what type of epithelium is associated with lining mucosa?
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stratified squamous nonkeratinized
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what type of epithelium is associated with masticatory mucosa?
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stratified squamous parakaretinized
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what type of epithelium is associated with specialized mucosa?
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stratified squamous nonkeratinized
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what are the three subdivisions of the lip?
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1. external aspect
2. vermilion border 3. internal mucosa |
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The internal mucosa of the lip lacks what?
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muscularis mucosae
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what components of a normal mucosa still exist on the internal mucosa of the lip?
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Lamina Propria and strat-squam-non-ker
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what is a similarity in the mucosa of the dorsum of the tongue and the internal mucosa of the lip?
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Both lack a muscularis mucosae
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what are the 3 types of papilla found on the tongue?
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1. Filiform
2. Fungiform 3. Valate |
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What is the epithelial lining of filiform papillae?
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parakeratinized
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what is the epithelial lining of the fungiform papillae?
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strat-squam-non-ker
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what is the epithelial lining of valate?
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strat-squam-non-ker
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what are the specialized glands associated with valate papillae?
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von Ebners glands
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what is the enzyme secreted from von Ebners glands?
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lingual lipase
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How many taste buds on filiform papillae
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0
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How many taste buds on fungiform papillae
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1-5
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How many taste buds on valate papillae
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100-300
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which type of gustatory receptor acts as a unipotential stem cell for the regeneration of the rest of the gustatory receptor cells?
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Type IV or the basal cells
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what are gustatory receptor cells classified as?
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neuroepithelium
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What two nerves provide SVA's to the gustatory receptor cells?
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CN VII and CN IX
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What provides SVA's for fungiform papillae?
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CN VII
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What provides SVA's for vallate papillae?
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CN IX
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What are the 3 lingual glands?
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1. Anterior
2. Posterior 3. von Ebners |
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What type of acini are found in the anterior lingual gland?
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Mucous tubules with serous demilunes
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What type of acini are found in the posterior lingual gland?
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Mucous acini only
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What type of acini are found in the von Ebners glands?
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Serous acini only
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What is very odd about skeletal muscle found int he tongue?
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It branches like cardiac which allows for compression in many directions
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All the hard tissues of the teeth can be said to be?
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Avascular
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Enamel is produces by?
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Ectoderm derived ameloblasts before tooth eruption
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where cementum covers the dentin it is said to be what?
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acellular like enamel
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which of the hard tissues of the teath continue to be produced throughout life?
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cementum and dentin
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the superior side of the hard palate is covered by?
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respiratory mucosa
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whte lingual side of the hard palate is covered by what type of epithelium?
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parakarentinized
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describe the unique relationship between the lamina propria and the bone of the hard palate?
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firmly attached to each other forming a mucoperiostium
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What is the core of the soft palate made of?
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Skeletal muscle
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what epithelium lines the soft palate?
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strat-squam-non-ker
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what is the most posterior extension of the soft palate?
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the uvula
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what epithelium lines the uvula?
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strat-squam-non-ker
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where can parakeritinized epithelium be found? (3)
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1. hard palate
2. gingiva 3. dorsum of tongue |
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what epithelial layer is missing from parakaretinized epithelium?
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stratum granulosum
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what is the dermal origin of the parotid gland?
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Ectoderm
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describe the glands found in the parotid gland?
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branced acinar
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what are the acinar cells of the parotid gland?
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only serous
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what type of glands can be found in the submandibular gland?
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branches tubuloacinar
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what percentage of the saliva does the submandibular gland produce?
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70%
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what are the prominent duct types found in parotid gland?
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intercalated disks
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what are the prominent ducts found in the submandibular gland?
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striated ducts
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what is an important hormone that is produced in the submandibular gland?
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EGF
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what is the main parotid duct called?
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Stenson's duct
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what is the main submandibular duct called?
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Whortons duct
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describe the type of glands found in the sublingual gland?
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branched tubuloalveolar
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what is the main duct of the sublingual gland?
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duct of Rivinus
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describe intercalated ducts and what epithelium they are lined with?
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come directly out of acini or tubules, lined with simple cuboidal epithelium
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describe striated ducts and what epithelium they are lined with?
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formed by basal infoldings, lined with simple columnar epithelium
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what innervated the parotid gland?
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CN IX
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what innervated the submandibular gland?
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CN VII
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what innervated the sublingual gland?
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CN VII
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describe the oslmolarity of primary saliva?
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same as blood
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what hormone acts on ductal cells to form a hypotonic secondary saliva?
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aldosterone
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how is the hypotonic secondary saliva produced?
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ductal cells remove Na+ from saliva, but are water tight thus water cannot follow creating a hypotonic solution
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what enzyme is secreted with saliva?
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salivary amylase
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what antibacterial agents are found in saliva? (3)
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1. secretory IgA
2. lactoferrin 3. lysozyme |
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when no food is passing through the esophagus what can be found?
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mucosal foldings
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what are the antigen presenting cells found in the epithelium of the esophagus?
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Langerhans cells
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describe the muscularis mucosae of the esophagus?
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one single layer of longitudinal smooth muscle
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what are mucous glands that are found in the submucosa of the esophagus?
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esophageal glands proper
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what are the mucous glands found in the lower part of the lamina propria of the esophagus?
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esophageal cardiac glands
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what can be found in the lower 1/3 of the esophagus between the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers of the muscularis externa?
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Aurbachs plexus
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where do hiatal hernias form?
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the short region of the esophagus just above the stomach which is not covered by adventitia, but rather a serous membrane
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what are the longitudinal folds found in the stomach when empty?
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rugae
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what is the epithelial lining of the stomach?
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simple columnar
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what is the purpose of the simple columnar cells which line the stomach?
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secrete nuetral mucus product (these ARE NOT goblet cells)
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what are the 3 types of gastric glands?
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1. cardiac
2. pyloric 3. fundic |
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which of the gastric glands are coiled?
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cardiac and pyloric
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what is the primary secretion of the cardiac gastric glands?
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mucous
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what are the primary secretions of the pyloric gastric glands? (3)
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1. mucous
2. lysozyme 3. hormones |
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what is the epithelial lining of the fundic gastric glands?
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simple columnar
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what is the pit : secretory length ratio?
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1 : 4
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which gastric gland contains the most APUD cells?
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pyloric
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what are the three regions of the fundic gastric gland?
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1. isthmus
2. neck 3. base |
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what 2 cell types are found exclusively at the neck of fundic gastric gland?
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1. pluripotential stem cells
2. mucous neck cells |
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what is the turnover rate for cells that migrate to the neck of fundic gastric gland?
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3-5 days
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what is the turnover rate for cells that migrate to the base of fundic gastric gland?
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3-5 weeks
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what cell type can be found in the neck and the base of fundic gastric gland?
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parietal cells
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what are formed by invaginations of the parietal cell membranes of fundic gastric glands?
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intracellular secretory canaliculus
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what predominates in parietal of fundic gastric glands cells when they are not producing HCL?
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tubulovesicular system
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what is the tubulovesicular system found in the parietal cells of the fundic gastric glands?
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provides a means to store surface membrane which will be used form microvilli during HCL production
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Describe the production of gastric acid begining with aerobic metabolism in parietal cells?
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1. aerobic metabolism produces CO2
2. CO2 is converted into H+ and HCO3- by carbonic anhydrase 3. HCO3- is transported into blood for Cl- 4. H+ is transported into stomach in exchange for K+ 5. Cl- follow H+ into stomach via Cl- channels |
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what agents have a positive effect on HCL production in parietal cells of fundic gastric glands? (3)
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1. histamine
2. gastrin 3. parasympathetic stimulation via acetylcholine |
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what agents have a negative effect on HCL production in parietal cells of fundic gastric glands? (2)
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1. prostaglandins
2. somatostatin |
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what produces gastrin and histamine that influence HCL production in the stomach?
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APUD cells of gastric glands (both) and mast cell(histamine)
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what causes the allergic reaction some people have to NSAIDs?
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NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin production thus there is a lack of HCL control resulting in ulcers
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What produces somatostatin?
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specialized APUD cells
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what is the glyocoprotein secreted by parietal cells of gastric glands that is necessary for B12 absorbtion?
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gastric intrinsic factor
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what does a lack of B12 result in?
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Pernicious anemia
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what cells are found only in the base of fundic gastric glands?
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Chief cells
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Chief cells of fundic gastric glands have large amounts of what in there basal cytoplams?
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RER
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Chief cells of fundic gastric glands have large amounts of what in there apical cytoplams?
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zymogen granules containing pepsinogen
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Aside from pepsinogen, what other digestive enzyme is secreted by chief cells?
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gastric lipase
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what are the 4 components of gastric juices?
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1. water
2. HCL and intrinsic gastric factor (parietal cells) 3. Gastric lipase and pepsinogen (cheif cells) 4. soluble mucous (mucous neck cells) 5. protective mucous (surface lining epithelium) |
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what is responsible for creating chyme?
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the middle circular layer of the muscularis externa of the stomach
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What type of cell can be found in the neck and isthmus, but is mainly found in the base of fundic gastric glands?
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APUD cells (AKA enteroendocrine cells)
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what are the 5 major peptide hormones secreted by APUD cells in the stomach?
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1. secretin
2. gastrin 3. cholecystokinin (CCK) 4. gastrin 5. motilin |
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Where are the secretory granules of APUD stomach cells located in the cytoplasm?
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in the basal half
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what does histamine do to parietal cells?
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stimulates acid production
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what does histamine do to cheif cells?
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stimulates pepsinogen production
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what does serotonin do to smooth muscle cells of stomach?
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causes contraction resulting in increased motility
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what does serotonin do for parietal cells?
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inhibits acid secretion
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what does gastrin do for parietal cells?
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stimulates acid production
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what does gastrin do for cheif cells?
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stimulates pepsinogen production
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what does gastrin do for smooth muscle cells?
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causes contraction which increases gastric motility
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what does secretin do for pancreatic intralobular ducts?
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causes secretion of bicarbonate ions and water
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what does CCK cause to happen in gallbladder?
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contraction of smooth muscle resulting in release of bile
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what does CCK cause to happen in pancreatic acinar cells?
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enzyme secretion
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what does CCK cause to happen in sphincter of oddi?
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relazation
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what does gastric inhibitory peptide cause to happen in the pancrease?
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insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells
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what does motilin do for gastric and duodenal motility?
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regulates contractions in 2 hour cycles
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what does vasoactive intestinal peptide do for smooth muscle?
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relaxes it
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what does VIP do for bllod vessels?
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Dilates
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what does VIP do for secretory and absorbitive cells?
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stimulates
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describe the muscularis externa of the stomach?
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has three layers with an inner oblique, middle circular, and outer longitudinal
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what is the lifespan of the cells lining the stomach?
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~3 days
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what happens to the bicarb that is released into the blood during HCL production?
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it is brough to the mucus lining of the stomach by capillaries
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what is the bacteria which can swim around in the mucous lining of the stomach which can cause ulcerations?
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helicobacter pylori
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what can be absorbed through the lining of the stomach? (5)
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1. water
2. salts 3. sugars 4. alcohol 5. drugs |
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what is produced by fasting that can increase metabolic efficiency during times of limited nutrient supply?
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Ghrelin
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what are the main organs which Ghrelin mediates signaling between?
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intestine and hypothalamus
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