Catherine Reforms

Front 1

Impact on Culture

1. What society did she set up?
2. Where was this transferred?
3. What else did she decree in 1783?
4. What motivated this move?

Back 1

1. Society for the translation of foreign books

   
   

   2. Russian Academy of Language (1783)

   
   

   3. Allowed anyone to set up a printing press, previously been owned by Synod, Senate etc. Had been official. Now anyone could as long as registered with the local police chief.

   
   

   4. May not have been liberal but financial, the cost of printing was high. Losing lots of money on the state ones. Could now farm it out to private. It was unlikely that she was simply giving up the intellectual monopoly of the state!

Front 2

1. What is the printing decree representative of?
2. What appeared in 1788

Back 2

1. Catherine's basic principle that she aimed to encourage social forces to be active and show enterprise in as many fields as possible, rather than to maintain state control and subsidy.
2. First dictionary of Russian language

Front 3

1. Dispersal of theatre

Back 3

1. The satirical play 'The Minor' received its premiere in Moscow in 1782. Alexander Vorontsov's Serf theatre played it in the 1790s, and the Englishman John Parkinson, saw a performance of it in the distant Tobol'sk in 1792.

Front 4

1. Catherine's publications

Back 4

1. In 1781, C wrote a Russian Primer for the Instruction of Youth, containing 210 moral maxims, which were almost entirely secular, it sold 20,000 copies in 2 weeks.

Front 5

1. Catherine's architecture

Back 5

1. She preferred something less Rocco than had been patronised by Elizabeth. She like neo-classicism, based on Palladio. Charles Cameron came to Russia, built the Cameron gallery at Tsarskoye Selo.
2. John Bush, the Hackney gardner.
3. Brought Robert Walpole's paintings and sculptures/

Front 6

1. British Porcelain

Back 6

1. 1774, Josiah Wedgwood designed a 900 piece set for Catherine, 'frog set'
2. 1774, Francis Gardiner set up a porcelain factory in Russia to supply the nobility
3. The gulf between Russia and western Europe at the beginning of the 18th C was rapidly bridged.

Front 7

1. What was one of the central tenets of the enlightenment?
2. Why was the church significant?
3. Who was C's right hand man in education?
4. What was his theory?

Back 7

1. Society could be improved by the means of education
2. Confined itself to monks, not lay people. No great religious teaching orders like the Jesuits, not any great Church schools.
3. Ivan Betskoy.
4. Populationist theory, increase the size of the 3rd estate to strengthen society

Front 8

1. What did he publish in 1764
2. What was he advocating?
3. What was the first application of these ideas?
4. What did he seek to create?

Back 8

1. General Plan for the Education of Young People of both sexes
2. isolating children from the corrupting influences of the home from the age of 5. Opposed narrow education, like the vocational sort Peter had sought.
3. Foundling Homes, Moscow 1764, St P 1770
4. 'new kind of men'

Front 9

1. What was their state dependency?
2. Were their opportunities for private education?
3. What was their curriculum?

Back 9

1. not huge, lived on private donations and some state granted financial privileges (running a savings bank, monopoly on playing cards)
2. Private Boarding, Specialist schools and a couple of major educational establishments (Moscow Uni, Gymnasium in Kazan
3. No national curriculum, so left upto individuals.

Front 10

1. Who was Jacob Sievers?
   
2. Novikov's schools

Back 10

1. Advised C on the SPA, governor-general of Novgorod and Tver'. Set up 11 schools in 1779.
   
2. N.I. Novikov and group of freemason set up the St Alexander and St Catherine schools in St P, free to poor children in the capital. They were to be funded by the sale of a new periodical 'Morning Light', in the end, the schools were so enriched by donation, they sponsored the periodical!

Front 11

1. From what document do we know of C's thoughts on education?
2. What did she say?

Back 11

1. Instruction she prepared for Saltykov who was the newly appointed governor of Alexander and Constantine (her sons).
2. 30 page booklet, more on moral and health. Children learn while playing etc.

Front 12

1. Why did C concern herself with education in 1782?
2. What was set up in 1782?
3. Who was an important advisor?

Back 12

1. Perhaps she was fed up of the lack of good men for the SPA. She had listened to the advice of Diderot? Advice from Joseph II who came in 1780
2. Commission on National Education
3. F.U.T Aepinus, leading mathematician at the academy of sciences. Advise her to follow the Austrian system which had been introduced in 1774 after the expulsion of the jesuits.

Front 13

1. What was this system?

   
   

   
   

Back 13

1. Called the Felbiger method. Asked Joseph to send her an expert. She was sent F. Jankovic. He became her principal advisor.

Front 14

1. Status
2. Teachers
3. Textbooks
4. When was it set up?
5. What did it provide for?

Back 14

1. Needed to create the teacher's status
2. Trained
3. Written and translated
4. 1786
5. High school in every provincial capital, a primary school in every district one.

Front 15

1. Funding
2. Cost
3. Serfs
4. Teacher Status
5. Salary
6. End of the century figures

Back 15

1. 2500 for high, 500 for primary P.A from boards of social welfare.
2. Free
3. Could go if landlord gave permission
4. Position on the table of ranks gave them hereditary nobility after 22 years service. (How Lenin's father was a noble)
5. 250 roubles a year (same as captain in army)
6. 3000 schools, 20,000 pupils, 2000 of which girls, 40 text books

Front 16

Social Reform

1. It was possible to move between estates
2. Academy of Arts
3. Nobility of wide financial means

Back 16

1. 1748, Lomonsov was categorised as a run away serf, by 1753 he had been raised to hereditary nobility and granted an estate with 211 serfs.
2. The professors immediately got rank 8, which was hereditary nobility
3. It was the class you were born into, there were princes descend form the original medieval rules of Russia who were as poor as Church mice.

Front 17

1. 1767
2. 1775
3. 1785

Back 17

1. 'marshal of the nobility' for election to LC
2. idea already ingrained by 1775, when it was introduced in the SPA
3. The charter of the nobility, confirmed personal rights, didn't change much, just confirmed lots. The nobles were still responsible for paying their serfs poll-tax, and making sure they didn't wander around the countryside begging, and looking after those that could not work.

Front 18

1. How many groups did the charter divide them into?
2. What did the 1775 and 85 do for merchants?

Back 18

1. 6 based on aspects of their claims to nobility
2. Reduced the size of the merchant class by some 90 %, by raising the minimum capital bracket. Then gave the merchants more rights, divided them into 6, exempt from poll tax and conscription, instead paying 1% of their capital per year in tax. They, like the nobles, could not be stripped of possessions or status unless tried by a jury of their peers.

Front 19

1. Why are these acts of 75/85 important?

Back 19

1. It should be stressed that both in the case of the nobles and in the case of the townspeople, the charters represent the first legal enactments of their personal and property rights. Until this date, these rights had never been fully formulated.

Front 20

1. State Peasants

Back 20

1. Catherine was the first ruler of Russia to conceive of the state peasants as a specific social group and to grant them specific rights, as state peasants, in the various bodies set up in 1775. Peasant law courts were established for them, to which they elected assessors, and they elected their own assessors to the conscience courts, to the boards of social welfare and to some other bodies.

Front 21

1. Civil Service

Back 21

1. The shortage of educated nobles and merchants work in favour of the peasants. By 1779, Catherine had already authorised the recruitment of sons of priests and of merchants, graduates of Moscow University to fill posts in the administration. State peasants were also recruited, particularly in eastern and North Eastern Russia and Siberia but, they were not given a ranking the table of ranks.

Front 22

1. Emancipation of the serfs

Back 22

1. The draft charter for the free rural dwellers was never put into effect, perhaps because of the Turkish War in 1787, or perhaps dissuaded by noble opposition. The failure of Emperor Nicholas the first to reform or abolish serfdom in the 19th century, in spite of the many committees he set up to investigate the problem have been explained by the tales he had been told of the horrors of the Pugachev revolt. How much Catherine was affected, and those live through it and were personally acquainted with it, is unclear. The revolt persuaded Catherine that it was too dangerous to Russian social stability to attempt any major reform of the system of serfdom, or to control relations between masters and serfs by further legislation. The cruelties inflicted by both sides and hardened the lines. Any decrease in the authority of the noble over his peasants might lead to a further terrifying outburst

Front 23

1. Catherine and the improvement of serfdom

Back 23

1. Statue of 1775, enabled governors of the provinces to point guardians too estates where thelandowner was reputed to be ill treating his serfs.
2. It also allowed landowners to be prosecuted for that cruelty, at least 20 cases of this occurred in Catherine's rain. The English reformer John Howard, saw a noble who had been sent to prison in Moscow for whipping his serfs to death.
3. No serf that had ever been freed could be en-serfed again
4. Non-noble industrialists forbidden to buy serfs for industry in 1762. first of many laws that reduced the amount of people entitled to owning serfs. Process of assigning also stopped.

Front 24

1. The charge that C gave state peasants as serfs for gift
2. The issue of estates as gifts

Back 24

1. She gave some 66,000 serfs as gifts between 1766-72, but never state peasants. Already serfs from confiscated land. between 1772 and 1796, mostly came from Polish lands.
2. For distinguished service, useless without serfs attached to. For the lesser nobility who did not have the resources to use it already, serfs absolutely essential for it to be a meaningful gift.

Front 25

1. Serfdom states: What per cent of nobles owned less than 20 serfs
2. Estimated income per serf
3. What does this show?
4. Why were the serfs poor?

Back 25

1. 51% in 1762
2. around 3-4 roubles a year
3. Half the nobility, so around 10,000 of them, were not really rich enough to survive without the state.
4. All peasants were poor, the state peasants in Russia were poor, the peasants in all countries were poor! Soil and climate didn't help.

Front 26

1. Kahan figures for peasantry

Back 26

1. Taking the tax burden of peasants in 1730 as 100, by 1790 it would have been 76.2
2. Taxes stayed the same, 70kopeks. Opening of the Black Earth lands increased land under cultivation, raised prices, who which landowners and serfs benefited.