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243 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is the Rabies virus?
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Rhabdoviridiae
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What kind of virus is Rhabdoviridiae?
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Single-stranded RNA virus
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What does Rabies cause?
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Neurologic issues and death
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What does FVRCP stand for?
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Feline Viral Rhinotrachietits, Calicivirus, Panleukopenia
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Which virus causes Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis?
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Feline herpes virus
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What clinical signs does Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis cause?
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Sneezing, fever, rhinitis, ulcerative
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Which kind of virus is the feline herpes virus?
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Double-stranded DNA virus
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What kind of virus is Calicivirus?
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Single-stranded RNA virus
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What clinical signs does Calicivirus cause?
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Upper respiratory issues, tongue ulcers, pneumonia, arthritis
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What virus causes Panleukopenia?
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Paroviridiae
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What clinical signs does Panleukopenia cause?
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Vomiting and diarrhea
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What kind of virus is parovidiae?
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Single-stranded DNA virus
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What may be dangerous about administering modified live vaccines?
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Virus can revert back to live virus
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What kind of vaccine is the FVRCP vaccine?
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Modified live
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How often should kittens get vaccinated?
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First time at around 8 weeks old and then a booster 3-4 weeks later. Make sure 2 vaccines are given after 12 weeks.
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How do cats get infected with heartworm?
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Infected when bitten by infective L3 stage of mosquito
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Do cats normally get low load or high load of heartworms?
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Low load: 1-5 worms
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What kind of clinical signs do heartworms cause in cats?
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HARD = heartworm-associated respiratory distress (cats have more respiratory signs than dogs do)
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How can heartworms be detected in cats?
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Antibody test
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Why are antigen tests not used?
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Antigen tests only detect female worms or dying male worms
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How does lymphoma start?
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Abnormal proliferation of lymphocytes
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What is mediastinal lymphoma?
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Lymphoma of the chest
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What is multicentric lymphoma?
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Lymphoma throughout the body
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What type of lymphoma is associated wtih T cells?
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Small cell lymphoma = T cell lymphoma = lymphocytic
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What type of lymphoma is associated with B cells?
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Large cell lymphoma = lymphoblastic
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Which of the 2 lymphomas has well-differentiated cells?
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Small cell lymphoma
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What are some clinical signs with GI lymphoma?
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Fatigue, weakness, unkempt coat
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Which drugs can be used to treat lymphoma?
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Prednisone, Chlorenbucil, and Prednisolone
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Which cells does Chlorenbucil affect more?
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B cells
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Which animals cannot absorb Prednisone?
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Horses
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What are the 3 phases of vomiting?
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Nausea, retching, and vomiting
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What occurs with nausea?
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Salivation, swallowing, licking lips
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What does retching do?
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The forceful abdominal contractions cause positive pressure in abdomen and negative pressure in thorax
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What is vomiting?
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Forceful expulsion of food from stomach and SI to prevent aspiration out nose
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What are the 4 types of diarrhea?
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Hypersecretion, altered permeability, altered motility, and malabsorption
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What can cause hypersecretion diarrhea?
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Enteric bacterial diseases, i.e. Clostridium and E. coli
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How does the bacteria cause hypersecretion?
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Bacteria stimulates immature cells to produce excess fluid
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What is the medical term for vomiting?
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Emesis
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Where is the vomiting center located?
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Medulla oblongata of the brain
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What controls the vomiting center?
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Under active neural control from the autonomic and somatic nervous systems
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Which factors activate the vomiting center?
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Vagal afferents, sympathetic afferents, glossopharygeal afferents, and chemoreceptor trigger zone
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What is the most significant clinical complication with regurgitation?
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Aspiration pneumonia
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Characteristics of regurgitation?
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No premonitory symptoms, passive ejection of food, typically occurs shortly after ingestion of food, undigested food may be cylindrical, no bile
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Characteristics of vomiting?
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Premonitory symptoms (nausea, hypersalivation, etc.), active abdominal contractions, may occur at any time, digested food, bile may be present
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What is lymphopenia?
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Decrease in lymphocyte concentration in blood circulation
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Where are glucocorticoids produced?
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Produced by the adrenal glands of the kidney
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What is the major role of glucocorticoids?
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Metabolism of carbohydrates, enhancing gluconeogenesis. They also have anti-inflammatory activity.
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Where specifically in the adrenal glands are glucocorticoids secreted?
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Secreted by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex
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What regulates the secretion of glucocorticoids?
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Their secretion is mediated by ACTH from the anterior pituitary. Stimuli such as stress can cause ACTH secretion that increases GC concentrations.
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What is the most common nutritional disorder of dogs & cats in the US?
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Obesity
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How do you calculate BMI?
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BW (kg)/(body length in m X height in m)
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How is obesity treated?
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Exercise & low calorie, low carb (with diabetes), high fiber diet
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How is heart measured in radiographs?
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Laterally, count intercostal spaces. Vetrodorsally or dorsoventrally, measure its width compared to thorax.
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How much should a dog's heart measure on a radiograph?
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Laterally, 2.5-3.5 intercostal spaces. Ventrodorsally or dorsoventrally, 1/2 to 2/3 the width of the thorax.
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How much should a cat's heart measure on a radiograph?
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Laterally, 2-2.5 intercostal spaces. Ventrodorsally or dorsoventrally, 1/2 to 2/3 the width of thorax.
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What should lungs look like on a radiograph?
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Fairly black with small pulmonary vessels visible to periphery
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Kittens are born adentuous. T or F?
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True (without teeth)
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How many deciduous teeth does a kitten have?
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26
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By what age does a kitten's deciduous teeth start to erupt?
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1-2 weeks of age
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At what age does a kitten's permanen teeth start to erupt?
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B/w 4-5 months of age
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How many permanent teeth does a cat have?
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30
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What are the 30 teeth comprised of?
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12 incisors, 4 canines, 10 premolars, and 4 molars
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What is the difference between the cat's upper teeth and the lower teeth?
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Top teeth have 3 premolars and lower have 2
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How are cat teeth numbered?
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100's on right upper, 200's on left upper, 300's on left lower, 400's on right lower. Skip #5 on top and skip #5 & 6 on bottom.
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Where in the tooth are the blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics contained?
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Dental pulp
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What surrounds the pulp chamber?
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Dentin, a hard tissue produced by odontoblasts
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Feline tooth resorptions are also known as?
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Feline Odontoclastic Resorptive lesions
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Clinical signs of feline tooth resorptions?
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Pain when chewing, anorexia, abnormal mastication, halitosis, wt. loss
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What is affected by tootg resorptions?
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Begins in the cementum, progresses into the root dentin, and then can progress through the root into the crown
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WHat do teeth with tooth resorptions look like?
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Localized gingival enlargement, small defects at the gingival margin, lesions below the gingival line are asymptomatic, supereruption of teeth, hypercementosis
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How are tooth resorptions diagnosed?
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intra-oral radiographs
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What causes tooth resorptions?
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Cause unknown. Lesions are created by odontoclasts that are from the hematopoietic stem cell line. They resorb the mineralzed structure that makes up the tooth root. Unknown why they are stimulated.
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What are the 5 stages of tooth resorptions?
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1. Mild dental hard tissue lost as in the cementum &/or enamel. 2. Moderate hard tissue lost, dentin but not the pulp cavity. 3. Deep dental hard tissue lost, into the pulp but the tooth integrity remains. 4. Hard tissue lost, weak crown & tooth integrity lost. 5. Crown lost gingiva covers the area.
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What are the 2 types of tooth resorptions?
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Type 1: Inflammatory resorption which is associated w/periodontal disease or peridontics. These must be extracted. Type 2: Replacement resorption. Teeth have undergone resorption & have diff. density, root may not be present. Crown removed, should also remove tooth.
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WHat are the feline core vaccines?
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FVRCP and Rabies
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What is the risk of vaccinating cats?
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Vaccine-associated sarcomsa
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Where should the FVRCP vaccine be given?
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Over the right shoulder
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What kind of Rabies vaccine is given to cats?
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Killed or recombinant
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How often is the booster required for recombinant Rabies vaccine?>
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Every yr.
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WHen should killed rabies vaccines be boostered?
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One yr. later and then every 3 yrs.
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Where should the rabies vaccine be administered?
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As distally as possible in the right rear limb
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What is the name of heartworm in cats?
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Dirofilaria immitis
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Which species of mosquito is the most common in urban areas?
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Culex spp.
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What are the 2 stages of feline heartworm disease?
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1. Arrival of heartworms in pulmonary vasculature. 2. Death of adult heartworms.
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How soon do the heartworms arrive in the pulmonary vasculature?
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3-4 months postinfection
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What occurs with the 1st stage of heartworm disease?
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HARD
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WHat occurs with the 2nd stage of heartworm disease?
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Pulmonary inflammation and thromboembolism which often leads to fatal acute lung injury
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When is antigenemia detectable in cats with heartworm?
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5.5-8 months postinfection
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What is an advantage and disadvantage of antibody testing for heartworm?
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It detects both male & female worms as early as 2 months postinfection but it just shows that an infection has occurred and not if it is currently still infected.
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WHat animals are genetically predisposed to obesity?
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Large dogs and mixed breed cats
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What's the prime age for obesity?
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5-11 years
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Why does neutering increase obesity risk?
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Decrease in metabolic rate caused by loss of estrogens and androgens. Estrogens suppress appetite.
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How can obesity be treated with diet?
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Feed wt. loss diet. Do not decrease amt. of normal diet b/c that would decrease nutrients as well.
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What is weight loss diet comprised of?
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Less fat, more fiber, more water (in wet food), air (in dry food)
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Advantage and disadvantage of fiber in diet?
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Insoluble fiber helps slow gastric emptying so it spends longer time in intestine & pet eats less. But fiber tastes bad and causes pet to poop a lot.
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Why is it important for weight loss diet to have increased dietary protein & AA?
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To prevent loss of lean body mass. The quality of protein depends on the makeup of its amino acids.
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Normal TPR for cats?
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Temp. 101-102.5F.
Pulse rate 160-240 bpm. Respiratory rate 20-30 bpm |
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Describe the steps of vomiting.
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1.Relaxation of muscles of stomach, lower esophageal sphincter, closing of pylorus.
2. Contraction of abdominal musculature, causes increase in intraabdominal pressure. 3. Expansion of chest cavity, glottis remains closed. Intrathoracic pressure is lowered, causing pressure in esophagus to lower. |
4. Upper esophageal sphincter opens.
5. Antiperistaltic motility (propelling ingesta towards mouth) in the duodenun |
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Where is the chemoreceptor trigger zone located?
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Structure outside GI tract
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Which animals cannot vomit?
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Rats, cows, and horses
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Vomiting associated with GI obstruction can lead to which changes?
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Hypokalemia, hypochloremia, metabolic alkalosis, paradoxical acidura
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What characterizes IBD?
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Lymphoplasmacytic enteritis (accumulation of plasma cells & lymphocytes) in the intestinal mucosa leading to inflammation of SI. It can lead to malabsorption and chronic-protein losing enteropathy.
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What are some clinical signs of IBD?
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Diarrhea, wt. loss, vomiting, changes in appetite, borborygmi, thickening of intestines
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How is IBD diagnosed?
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Through exclusion. Rule out metabolic, parasitic, infectious, and pancreatic causes.
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What causes IBD?
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Unknown. Suspected immunologic reaction to antigens in food, parasites or bacteria.
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How is IBD treated?
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Diet: highly digestible, low fat, gluten-free, single protein source. Use immunosuppressants (corticosteroids) if food trial fails.
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What should be done if clinical signs of IBD persists after administration of corticosteroids?
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Consider another biopsy to evaluate for lymphosarcoma
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Which canine breeds are predisposed to IBD?
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Basenji and German Shepherd
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WHat are 2 other names for lymphoma?
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Lymphosarcoma and malignant lymphoma
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What is lymphoma?
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A diverse group of malignancies arising in lymphoid tissue(s) outside the bone marrow
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Where are some anatomical locations where lymphoma can be found?
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Multicentric, alimentary, mediastinal/thymic
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What 2 things point to lymphoma?
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Organomegaly and abnormal ultrasoudn
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What does lymphoma look like histologically?
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Monomorphic population of morphologically atypical lymphocytes; disruption of normal tissue architecture
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What's considered low-grade lymphoma?
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Slowly progressive, well-differentiated cells with low mitotic rates
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How is it determined if the lymphoma is B cell or T cell origin?
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Immunophenotyping
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What kind of lab results are seen with lymphoma?
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Nonregenerative anemia, lymphopenia (low lymphocytes), hypercalcemia
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What's found in a necropsy of lymphoma?
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Enlarged lymph nodes that are gray-white to light tan to reddish, thickened GI & nodular, lesions may be ulcerated, coalescion of lymph nodes
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What is the most common hematopoietic malignancy in animals?
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Lymphoma
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Which animal is lymphoma uncommon in?
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Horses
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What raises a cat's risk of getting lymphoma?
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Living in a smoking environment, being FeLV positive, aging cats
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What are lymph nodes?
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Secondary lymphoid organ. They contain dendritic cells that trap & proces antigens & lymphocytes that mediate the immune response. They enlarge in response to antigenic stimulation.
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What is the structure of lymph nodes?
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Round or bean-shaped filters strategically placed on lymphatic vessels in such a way as to trap antigens carried in lymph
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Lymph node consist of a reticular network filled with what?
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Lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells
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Where do afferent lymphatics enter the lymph node?
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Around its circumference
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Where do efferent lymphatics leave the lymph node?
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From a depression or hilus on one side
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Where do blood vessels supplying the lymph node enter & leave?
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Through the hilus of the l.n.
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What is the interior of the lymph node divided into?
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Peripheral cortex, central medulla, and an ill-defined region between those regions called the paracortex
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Where do B cells predominate in the l.n.?
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In the cortex, where they are arranged in nodules
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What are germinal centers in l.n.?
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Foci of dividing cells within nodules due to stimulation by antigen. They have light & dark zones.
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What are the dark zones of germinal centers in l.n.?
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Sites where B cells proliferate and undergo a process called somatic mutation
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What are light zones in germinal centers in l.n.?
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Sites where immunoglobin class switching and memory B-cell formation occur
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What are light zones in germinal centers in l.n.?
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Sites where immunoglobin class switching and memory B-cell formation occur
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Where are T cells and dendritic cells found in the l.n.?
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Predominantly in the paracortex. A few T cells are found in the cortex.
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What's the predominant lymphocyte in blood?
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T cells
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Lymph flows from the tissues to l.n. through [afferent or efferent] lymphatics
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Afferent
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Where are T cells and dendritic cells found in the l.n.?
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Predominantly in the paracortex. A few T cells are found in the cortex.
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What's the predominant lymphocyte in blood?
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T cells
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Lymph leaves the l.n. through [afferent or efferent] lymphatics
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Efferent
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Lymph flows from the tissues to l.n. through [afferent or efferent] lymphatics
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Afferent
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Lymph leaves the l.n. through [afferent or efferent] lymphatics
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Efferent
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Efferent lymph contains greater than __% lymphocytes of which __% are T cells and __% are B cells
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98%, 75%, 25%
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Efferent lymph contains greater than __% lymphocytes of which __% are T cells and __% are B cells
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98%, 75%, 25%
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The efferent lymphatics eventually join together to form what?
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Large lymph vessels
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The efferent lymphatics eventually join together to form what?
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Large lymph vessels
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What is the largest lymph vessek?
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Thoracic duct
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What does the thoracic duct drain?
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Drains the lymph from the lower body and intestine and empties it into the anterior vena cava
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What is the largest lymph vessek?
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Thoracic duct
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What does the thoracic duct drain?
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Drains the lymph from the lower body and intestine and empties it into the anterior vena cava
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What do the dendritic cells in the l.n. do when microbes invade tissues?
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They're activated & migrate to the draining l.n. where they accumulate in the paracortex & cortex. They form a web thru which antigens must pass.
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What do the dendritic cells in the l.n. do when microbes invade tissues?
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They're activated & migrate to the draining l.n. where they accumulate in the paracortex & cortex. They form a web thru which antigens must pass.
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What is the largest lymph vessel?
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Thoracic duct
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What does the thoracic duct drain?
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Drains the lymph from the lower body and intestine and empties it into the anterior vena cava
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WHat do the dendritic cells do when microbes invade tissues?
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They are activated and migrate to the draining lymph node where they accumulate in the paracortex and cortex. They form a web thru which antigens must pass.
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What happens once the dendritic cells form the web?
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Antigens are captured and presented by these dendritic cells to T cells. The T cells are initially activated in the paracortex whereas the B cells remain randomly dispersed in the primary follicles.
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What happens after T cells are activated?
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Both cell populations migrate to the edges of the follicles where they interact. Once antibody production is stimulated, the progeny of these B cells move to medule & begin to secrete antibodies.
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What is the largest lymph vessel?
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Thoracic duct
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What does the thoracic duct drain?
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Drains the lymph from the lower body and intestine and empties it into the anterior vena cava
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WHat do the dendritic cells do when microbes invade tissues?
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They are activated and migrate to the draining lymph node where they accumulate in the paracortex and cortex. They form a web thru which antigens must pass.
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What happens once the dendritic cells form the web?
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Antigens are captured and presented by these dendritic cells to T cells. The T cells are initially activated in the paracortex whereas the B cells remain randomly dispersed in the primary follicles.
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What happens after T cells are activated?
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Both cell populations migrate to the edges of the follicles where they interact. Once antibody production is stimulated, the progeny of these B cells move to medule & begin to secrete antibodies.
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What is the largest lymph vessel?
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Thoracic duct
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What does the thoracic duct drain?
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Drains the lymph from the lower body and intestine and empties it into the anterior vena cava
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How do the dendritic cells respond to microbes invading the tissues?
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They are activated and migrate to the draining lymph node where they accumulate in the paracortex and cortex. They form a web through which antigens must pass.
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Antigens are captured & presented to the T cells. Both T & B cells migrate to the edges of the follicles where they interact. Once AB prod. is stimulated, the progeny of these B cells move to the medulla to secrete AB
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What happens several days after antibody production is first observed in the medulla?
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Germinal centers appear in the cortex.
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What are lymphatic nodules? Where are lymphatic nodules found?
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They are spherical or oval aggregates of lymphocytes found in the cortex of the l.n.
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What is another name for lymphatic nodules?
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Lymphatic follicles
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What separates the lymphatic tissue that appears as irregular cords in the medulla of the l.n.?
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Lymphatic medullary sinuses
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What lies beneath the capsule on a l.n.?
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Subscapular sinus
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What happens several days after antibody production is first observed in the medulla?
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Germinal centers appear in the cortex.
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What are lymphatic nodules? Where are lymphatic nodules found?
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They are spherical or oval aggregates of lymphocytes found in the cortex of the l.n.
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What is another name for lymphatic nodules?
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Lymphatic follicles
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What separates the lymphatic tissue that appears as irregular cords in the medulla of the l.n.?
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Lymphatic medullary sinuses
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What lies beneath the capsule on a l.n.?
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Subscapular sinus
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Can ruminants pass antibodies transplacentally?
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No, which is why they need colostrum
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How long is colostrum secreted for?
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Only 1-2 days after parturition
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What comes out after colostrum?
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Transitional milk
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How does colostrum differ from milk?
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Colostrum is higher in solids, fats, proteins, vitamins, antibodies (Ig) and lower in lactose
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What declines rapidly from the composition of milk after the first day of parturition?
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Amount of solids and proteins (esp. antibodies)
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Can ruminants pass antibodies transplacentally?
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No, which is why they need colostrum
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Can ruminants pass antibodies transplacentally?
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No, which is why they need colostrum
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Can ruminants pass antibodies transplacentally?
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No, which is why they need colostrum
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How long is colostrum secreted for?
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Only 1-2 days after parturition
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Can ruminants pass antibodies transplacentally?
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No, which is why they need colostrum
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How long is colostrum secreted for?
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Only 1-2 days after parturition
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How long is colostrum secreted for?
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Only 1-2 days after parturition
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What comes out after colostrum?
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Transitional milk
|
|
|
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How long is colostrum secreted for?
|
Only 1-2 days after parturition
|
|
|
|
Can ruminants pass antibodies transplacentally?
|
No, which is why they need colostrum
|
|
|
|
What comes out after colostrum?
|
Transitional milk
|
|
|
|
What comes out after colostrum?
|
Transitional milk
|
|
|
|
What comes out after colostrum?
|
Transitional milk
|
|
|
|
How does colostrum differ from milk?
|
Colostrum is higher in solids, fats, proteins, vitamins, antibodies (Ig) and lower in lactose
|
|
|
|
How does colostrum differ from milk?
|
Colostrum is higher in solids, fats, proteins, vitamins, antibodies (Ig) and lower in lactose
|
|
|
|
How long is colostrum secreted for?
|
Only 1-2 days after parturition
|
|
|
|
How does colostrum differ from milk?
|
Colostrum is higher in solids, fats, proteins, vitamins, antibodies (Ig) and lower in lactose
|
|
|
|
How does colostrum differ from milk?
|
Colostrum is higher in solids, fats, proteins, vitamins, antibodies (Ig) and lower in lactose
|
|
|
|
Can ruminants pass antibodies transplacentally?
|
No, which is why they need colostrum
|
|
|
|
What declines rapidly from the composition of milk after the first day of parturition?
|
Amount of solids and proteins (esp. antibodies)
|
|
|
|
What declines rapidly from the composition of milk after the first day of parturition?
|
Amount of solids and proteins (esp. antibodies)
|
|
|
|
What declines rapidly from the composition of milk after the first day of parturition?
|
Amount of solids and proteins (esp. antibodies)
|
|
|
|
Can ruminants pass antibodies transplacentally?
|
No, which is why they need colostrum
|
|
|
|
Can ruminants pass antibodies transplacentally?
|
No, which is why they need colostrum
|
|
|
|
Can ruminants pass antibodies transplacentally?
|
No, which is why they need colostrum
|
|
|
|
What comes out after colostrum?
|
Transitional milk
|
|
|
|
What declines rapidly from the composition of milk after the first day of parturition?
|
Amount of solids and proteins (esp. antibodies)
|
|
|
|
Can ruminants pass antibodies transplacentally?
|
No, which is why they need colostrum
|
|
|
|
Can ruminants pass antibodies transplacentally?
|
No, which is why they need colostrum
|
|
|
|
Can ruminants pass antibodies transplacentally?
|
No, which is why they need colostrum
|
|
|
|
Can ruminants pass antibodies transplacentally?
|
No, which is why they need colostrum
|
|
|
|
How long is colostrum secreted for?
|
Only 1-2 days after parturition
|
|
|
|
How long is colostrum secreted for?
|
Only 1-2 days after parturition
|
|
|
|
How long is colostrum secreted for?
|
Only 1-2 days after parturition
|
|
|
|
How long is colostrum secreted for?
|
Only 1-2 days after parturition
|
|
|
|
How long is colostrum secreted for?
|
Only 1-2 days after parturition
|
|
|
|
How long is colostrum secreted for?
|
Only 1-2 days after parturition
|
|
|
|
How long is colostrum secreted for?
|
Only 1-2 days after parturition
|
|
|
|
How does colostrum differ from milk?
|
Colostrum is higher in solids, fats, proteins, vitamins, antibodies (Ig) and lower in lactose
|
|
|
|
What comes out after colostrum?
|
Transitional milk
|
|
|
|
How long is colostrum secreted for?
|
Only 1-2 days after parturition
|
|
|
|
What comes out after colostrum?
|
Transitional milk
|
|
|
|
What comes out after colostrum?
|
Transitional milk
|
|
|
|
What comes out after colostrum?
|
Transitional milk
|
|
|
|
What comes out after colostrum?
|
Transitional milk
|
|
|
|
What declines rapidly from the composition of milk after the first day of parturition?
|
Amount of solids and proteins (esp. antibodies)
|
|
|
|
How does colostrum differ from milk?
|
Colostrum is higher in solids, fats, proteins, vitamins, antibodies (Ig) and lower in lactose
|
|
|
|
What comes out after colostrum?
|
Transitional milk
|
|
|
|
What comes out after colostrum?
|
Transitional milk
|
|
|
|
What comes out after colostrum?
|
Transitional milk
|
|
|
|
How does colostrum differ from milk?
|
Colostrum is higher in solids, fats, proteins, vitamins, antibodies (Ig) and lower in lactose
|
|
|
|
How does colostrum differ from milk?
|
Colostrum is higher in solids, fats, proteins, vitamins, antibodies (Ig) and lower in lactose
|
|
|
|
How does colostrum differ from milk?
|
Colostrum is higher in solids, fats, proteins, vitamins, antibodies (Ig) and lower in lactose
|
|
|
|
How does colostrum differ from milk?
|
Colostrum is higher in solids, fats, proteins, vitamins, antibodies (Ig) and lower in lactose
|
|
|
|
How does colostrum differ from milk?
|
Colostrum is higher in solids, fats, proteins, vitamins, antibodies (Ig) and lower in lactose
|
|
|
|
What declines rapidly from the composition of milk after the first day of parturition?
|
Amount of solids and proteins (esp. antibodies)
|
|
|
|
How does colostrum differ from milk?
|
Colostrum is higher in solids, fats, proteins, vitamins, antibodies (Ig) and lower in lactose
|
|
|
|
What declines rapidly from the composition of milk after the first day of parturition?
|
Amount of solids and proteins (esp. antibodies)
|
|
|
|
What declines rapidly from the composition of milk after the first day of parturition?
|
Amount of solids and proteins (esp. antibodies)
|
|
|
|
What declines rapidly from the composition of milk after the first day of parturition?
|
Amount of solids and proteins (esp. antibodies)
|
|
|
|
What declines rapidly from the composition of milk after the first day of parturition?
|
Amount of solids and proteins (esp. antibodies)
|
|
|
|
What declines rapidly from the composition of milk after the first day of parturition?
|
Amount of solids and proteins (esp. antibodies)
|
|
|
|
How does colostrum differ from milk?
|
Colostrum is higher in solids, fats, proteins, vitamins, antibodies (Ig) and lower in lactose
|
|
|
|
What declines rapidly from the composition of milk after the first day of parturition?
|
Amount of solids and proteins (esp. antibodies)
|
|
|
|
What declines rapidly from the composition of milk after the first day of parturition?
|
Amount of solids and proteins (esp. antibodies)
|
|
