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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What covers the crown of a tooth?
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Enamel
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What makes up enamel during tooth development?
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Ameloblasts
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What forms dentin?
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Odontoblasts
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Where is dentin located?
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B/w enamel & pulp of tooth
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Which part of the tooth is made of blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics?
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Pulp
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What is the bone that covers the tooth root?
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Cementum
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What attaches cementum to gingiva?
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Periodontal ligament fibers
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What is the junction b/w crown & root called?
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Cementoenamel junction (CEJ)
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What is sulcular fluid?
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An immunoglobulin rich fluid that increases in response to inflammation
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How many deciduous and permenent teeth do cats have? And dogs?
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Cats: 26 deciduous and 30 permanent
Dogs: 28 deciduous & 42 permanent |
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How many deciduous and permanent teeth do horses have?
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24 deciduous and 40-42 permant (stallions) or 30-36 (mares)
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At what age do teeth erupt in puppies? And in kittens?
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Puppies: 4-6 weeks
Kittens: 3-4 weeks (molars later) |
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At what age do permanent teeth erupt in dogs?
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2-5 months (molars later)
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Where does the cerebellum develop primarily from?
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The alar plate region of the metencephalon
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Most infectious upper respiratory disease in cats is caused by which 2 highly contagious viruses?
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Feline herpesvirus-1 and Feline calicivirus
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How can transmission of feline infectious resp. disease occur?
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By contact, fomites, and aerosol
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What's the most important source of infection?
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Direct contact with infected cats and fomites
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What causes FIP?
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Feline coronavirus
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Describe coronavirus
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Enveloped
Positive sense ssRNA |
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Describe 2 types of coronavirus
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Type 1 is more prevalent. Type 2 is less common & results from recombination b/w type 1 FCoV and Canine Coronavirus.
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What are the 2 hypotheses as to the cause of FIP?
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1. A mutation occurs which favors viral replication in monocytes & macrophages.
2. Any FCoV can cause FIP, viral load & the cat's immune response determines the intensity & likelihood of FIP occuring. Likely a combo of both hypotheses cause development of FIP. |
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Difference b/w effusive (wet) & non-effusive (dry) FIP?
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Wet FIP is characterized by polyserositis & vasculitis, in response to injury of blood vessels. Dry FIP is characterized by granulomatous lesions in organs.
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What clinical signs does vestibular system disease produce?
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Varying degrees of loss of equilibrium, causing imbalance, and vestibular ataxia
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What is peripheral vs. central vestibular system?
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Peripheral vestibular system includes the petrous portion of the temporal bone. Central vestibular system includes the vestibular components of the cerebellum.
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Which is usually more serious: lesion in peripheral or central vestibular system?
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Central vestibular system
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How can you tell if the lesion is in the peripheral or central vestibular system?
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Only minor differences exist in clinical signs. The determination of where the lesion is dependent on recognition of clinical signs caused by dysfunction of other systems located in the brainstem or cerebellum.
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What are the clinical signs of unilateral peripheral vestibular disease?
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Assymetric ataxia w/loss of balance but w/preservation of strength. No loss of proprioception. Normal LMN activity (can support weight and move limbs rapidly when falling)
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With a head tilt, the more ventral ear will be directed toward the side of the vestibular system disorder. T or F?
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True
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What is vestibular ataxia?
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The neck & trunk will lean, fall, or even roll toward the side of the lesion. Animal will circle toward affected side. Circles are usually small.
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What explains the assymetry of the ataxia in unilateral peripheral vestibular disease?
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The assymetry of the ataxia may be explained by the loss of tonic activity in the vestibulospinal tract on the side of the lesion, which removes facilitation of ipsilateral extensor muscles & a source of inhibition of contralateral extensor muscles
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Why does the head roll towards the side of the lesion?
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The unopposed activity of the contralateral vestibulospinal tract causes the neck & trunk to be forced toward the side of the lesion by excessive unopposed extensor muscle tonus
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How long does the rolling of the head last?
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With peripheral vestibular system disorders, rolling is usually limited to the first 24-48 hrs after a peracute onset of CS. If the rolling persists longer than that, the lesion more likely involves the central components of the vestibular system.
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Why does the head roll towards the side of the lesion?
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The unopposed activity of the contralateral vestibulospinal tract causes the neck & trunk to be forced toward the side of the lesion by excessive unopposed extensor muscle tonus
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How long does the rolling of the head last?
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With peripheral vestibular system disorders, rolling is usually limited to the first 24-48 hrs after a peracute onset of CS. If the rolling persists longer than that, the lesion more likely involves the central components of the vestibular system.
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What are the clinical signs of bilateral peripheral vestibular system disease?
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Crouched posture closer to groun due to balance lost to either side. Often walk slowly b/c of fear of falling. Wide head excursions to look @ things in environment.
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What is a CS that occurs with central vestibular system disease and not with peripheral vestibular system disease?
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Abnormal nystagmus that changes directions when position of head is changed and a horizontal nystagmus directed toward the side of the head tilt and body deviation
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What is the most reliable CS that determines if lesion exists in pons or medulla affecting the vestibular nuclei?
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An ipsilateral postural reaction deficit or a recognizable spastic hemiparesis and ataxia from involvement of the UMN and GP systems adjacent to these nuclei here in the caudal brainstem
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What is the function of the pinna and external ear?
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To direct and focus the sound waves into the ear to the tympanic membrane
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Where is the tympanic membrane located?
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B/w middle & inner ear
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What does the middle ear consist of?
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Air-filled cavity in the temporal bone, connected to the nasopharynx by the eustachian tube. It also contains the malleus, stapes, & incus (collectively known as the ossicles)
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Where is the cochlea located?
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In the inner ear
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What is the vestibular function of the cochlea?
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Acceleration and static tilt of the head
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What is the auditory system of the cochlea?
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Detects & analyzes sounds
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Describe labyrinths in cochlea & the fluid in it
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Cochlea has a bony labyrinth. Inside the bony labyrinth is a perilymph which covers the membranous labyrinth. Fluid inside the membranous labyrinth is endolymph.
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The cochlea is coiled like a shell and is divided into 3 chambers. What are the chambers?
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Dorsal chamber is scala vestibulli. Middle chamber is scale media (cochlear duct). Ventral chamber is scala tympani.
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What do the chambers of the cochlea contain?
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Dorsal & ventral chambers contain perilymph. The middle chamber contains endolymph.
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What is the floor of the scala media called?
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Basilar membrane
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What lays on top of the basilar membrane of the scala media?
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The hair cell receptors of the organ involved in hearing (organ of corti)
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What lies on top of the hair cells on the organ of corti?
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An anchored gel coated ridge called the tectorial membrane
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What are the steps that lead to hearing?
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Sound enters ear canal. Tympanic membrane vibrates. Vibrations go thru middle ear by movement of ossicles. Vibrations reach oval window of cochlea. Oval window vibrates. Energy is transferred thru perilymph of scala vestibuli. Travels to endolymph of scala media to basilar membrane.
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Energy causes oscillations of basilar membrane. Hair cells are sheared back & forth. Tectorial membrane is anchored & makes contact w/hair cells. Transmitters released on CN VIII. Action potential firing rate altered.
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How does the action potential travel from the cochlea via the brainstem?
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Action potentials arise from cochlea to CN VIII to cochlear nuclei in the medulla oblongata. Neural activity released to super olivary nucleus to inferior colliculus of midbrain to medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus, and then to auditory cortex of temporal lobe.
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What is conduction deafness?
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Clinical deafness due to loss of transmission in the outer or middle ear.
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What is nerve deafness?
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Deafness due to malformation of the cochlear hair cells or CN VIII fibers
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What is deafness in young animals most likely due to?
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Congenital defects of the cochlea, frequently associated with complete white coat coloration
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